Relationship Between Linezolid Exposure and the Typical Clinical Laboratory Safety and Bacterial Clearance in Chinese Pediatric Patients

Abstract

Objectives: There have been limited studies concerning the safety and efficacy of linezolid (LZD) in children. This study aimed to evaluate the association between LZD exposure and clinical safety and efficacy in Chinese pediatric patients.Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients ≤18 years of age who received ≥3 days of LZD treatment between 31 January 2015, and 31 December 2020. Demographic characteristics, medication information, laboratory test information, and bacterial culture results were collected from the Hospital Information System (HIS). Exposure was defined as AUC24 and calculated by the non-linear mixed-effects modeling program (NONMEM), version 7.2, based on two validated population pharmacokinetic models. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the associations between AUC24 and laboratory adverse events, and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to calculate the cut-off values. Efficacy was evaluated by bacterial clearance.Results: A total of 413 paediatric patients were included, with an LZD median (interquartile range) dose, duration, clearance and AUC24 of 30.0 (28.1-31.6) mg/kg/day, 8 (4‒15) days,1.31 (1.29-1.32) L/h and 81.1 (60.6-108.7) mg/L·h, respectively. Adverse events associated with TBil, AST, ALT, PLT, hemoglobin, WBC, and neutrophil count increased during and after LZD treatment when compared with before medication (p < 0.05), and the most common adverse events were thrombocytopaenia (71/399, 17.8%) and low hemoglobin (61/401, 15.2%) during the LZD treatment. Patients with AUC24 higher than 120.69 mg/L h might be associated with low hemoglobin 1–7 days after the end of the LZD treatment, and those with an AUC24 higher than 92.88 mg/L∙h might be associated with thrombocytopaenia 8–15 days after the end of the LZD treatment. A total of 136 patients underwent bacterial culture both before and after LZD treatment, and the infection was cleared in 92.6% (126/136) of the patients, of whom 69.8% (88/126) had AUC24/MIC values greater than 80.Conclusion: Hematological indicators should be carefully monitored during LZD treatment, especially thrombocytopaenia and low hemoglobin, and a continuous period of monitoring after LZD withdrawal is also necessary. Since the AUC24 cut-off values for laboratory adverse events were relatively low, a trade-off is necessary between the level of drug exposure required for treatment and safety, and the exposure target (AUC24/MIC) in pediatric patients should be further studied, especially for patients with complications and concomitant medications.

Linezolid Pharmacokinetics and Its Association with Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients with Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis

“…According to studies, patients with an AUC 0-24 more than 120.69 mg/L h may experience low hemoglobin 1–7 days after the end of LZD treatment, and those with an AUC 0-24 greater than 92.88 µg/h/mL may experience thrombocytopenia 8–15 days after the end of LZD treatment [ 18 ]. However, we did not find any association between AUC level and the development of ADRs.…”

Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment and Hematological Toxicity of Linezolid in Pediatric Patients

“…In another study conducted on 413 Chinese pediatric patients, thrombocytopenia and anemia were the most prevalent linezolid-associated hematological toxicity that was reported in 17.8% and 15.2% of the patients, respectively. Patients with an AUC 24 > 120 mg/L.h were more likely to exhibit anemia within 7 days after the end of linezolid treatment, whereas those with an AUC 24 > 93 mg/L/h were more likely to exhibit thrombocytopenia at 8-15 days post-treatment [50]. Collectively, these results suggest that linezolid-associated hematological toxicity is in uenced by both treatment duration and exposure, and hence, blood levels should be routinely monitored in patients receiving linezolid therapy, starting early during treatment.…”