Relationship Between &lt;I&gt;kdr&lt;/I&gt; Mutation and Resistance to Pyrethroid and DDT Insecticides in Natural Populations of &lt;I&gt;Anopheles gambiae&lt;/I&gt;

Reimer, Lisa J.; Fondjo, Étienne; Patchoké, Salomon; Diallo, B.; Y, Lee; Ng, Arash; Ndjemai, H. M.; Atangana, Jean; Traorè, Sékou F.; Lanzaro, Gregory C.; Cornel, Anthony J.

doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[260:rbkmar]2.0.co;2

Cited by 58 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The higher number of mutant homozygotes L1014F recorded in dead mosquitoes when exposed to 0.05% deltamethrin demonstrates that, kdr may be less efficient in providing resistance to deltamethrin than it is for DDT and permethrin resistance, as previously suggested [37,53,54]. Alternatively, the diagnostic dosage of deltamethrin may be very high and therefore killing resistant mosquitoes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

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Trends in DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiaes.s. populations from urban and agro-industrial settings in southern Cameroon

et al. 2009

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BackgroundPyrethroid insecticides are widely used for insect pest control in Cameroon. In certain insect species, particularly the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, resistance to this class of insecticides is a source of great concern and needs to be monitored in order to sustain the efficacy of vector control operations in the fields. This study highlights trends in DDT and pyrethroid resistance in wild An. gambiae populations from South Cameroon.MethodsMosquitoes were collected between 2001 and 2007 in four sites in South Cameroon, where insecticides are used for agricultural or personal protection purposes. Insecticide use was documented in each site by interviewing residents. Batches of 2-4 days old adult female mosquitoes reared from larval collections were tested for susceptibility to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin using standard WHO procedures. Control, dead and survivors mosquitoes from bioassays were identified by PCR-RFLP and characterized for the kdr mutations using either the AS-PCR or the HOLA method.ResultsFour chemical insecticide groups were cited in the study sites: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. These chemicals were used for personal, crop or wood protection. In the four An. gambiae populations tested, significant variation in resistance levels, molecular forms composition and kdr frequencies were recorded in the time span of the study. Increases in DDT and pyrethroid resistance, as observed in most areas, were generally associated with an increase in the relative frequency of the S molecular form carrying the kdr mutations at higher frequencies. In Mangoum, however, where only the S form was present, a significant increase in the frequency of kdr alleles between 2003 to 2007 diverged with a decrease of the level of resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Analyses of the kdr frequencies in dead and surviving mosquitoes showed partial correlation between the kdr genotypes and resistance phenotypes, suggesting that the kdr mechanism may act with certain co-factors to be identified.ConclusionThese results demonstrate the ongoing spread of kdr alleles in An. gambiae in Central Africa. The rapid evolution of insecticide resistance in this highly dynamic and genetically polymorphic species remains a challenge for its control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Metabolic resistance was suspected in some An. gambiae populations in 2003 and confirmed in 2007 [34,35]. More recently, the presence of both kdr mutations and their relationship with phenotypic resistance to pyrethroids and DDT were reported in Cameroon [36,37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Trends in DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiaes.s. populations from urban and agro-industrial settings in southern Cameroon

et al. 2009

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“…However, multiple blood-feeding either arrests or reduces this decline with age. Generally, kdr is most closely associated with DDT resistance, followed by Type I pyrethroids, followed by Type II pyrethroids [35, 36]. In the SENN-DDT strain, deltamethrin resistance is almost completely (98%) negated by the cytochrome P450 synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), suggesting that deltamethrin resistance in this strain is almost exclusively metabolically mediated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of multiple blood-feeding on the longevity and insecticide resistant phenotype in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae)

Oliver

Brooke

2014

Parasit Vectors

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BackgroundAnopheles arabiensis is a major malaria vector in Africa. Adult females are likely to imbibe multiple blood meals during their lifetime. This results in regular exposure to potential toxins and blood-meal induced oxidative stress. Defence responses to these stressors may affect other factors of epidemiological significance, such as insecticide resistance and longevity. The aims of this study were to examine the effect of multiple blood-feeding on insecticide tolerance/resistance with increasing age, to assess the underlying biochemical mechanisms for the responses recorded, and to assess the effect of multiple blood-feeding on the life histories of adult females drawn from insecticide resistant and susceptible laboratory reared An. arabiensis.MethodsLaboratory reared An. arabiensis females from an insecticide resistant and an insecticide susceptible colony were offered either a single blood meal or multiple blood meals at 3-day intervals. Their tolerance or resistance to insecticide was then monitored by WHO bioassay four hours post blood-feeding. The biochemical basis of the phenotypic response was assessed by examining the effect of blood on detoxification enzyme activity and the effect of blood-meals on detoxification enzyme activity in ageing mosquitoes.ResultsControl cohorts that were not offered any blood meals showed steadily decreasing levels of insecticide tolerance/resistance with age, whereas a single blood meal significantly increased tolerance/resistance primarily at the age of three days. The expression of resistance/tolerance in those cohorts fed multiple blood meals generally showed the least variation with age. These results were consistent following exposure to DDT and pyrethroids but not to malathion. Multiple blood-meals also maintained the DDT and permethrin resistant phenotype, even after treatment females had stopped taking blood-meals. Biochemical analysis suggests that this phenotypic effect in resistant females may be mediated by the maintenance of increased glutathione s-transferase activity as a consequence of multiple blood-feeding. Multiple blood-feeding increased the longevity of insecticide resistant females regardless of their mating status, but only increased the longevity of unmated susceptible females.ConclusionThese data suggest that multiple blood-feeding confers a competitive advantage to insecticide resistant females by increased longevity and maintenance of the expression of resistance with age.

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“…Several reports have recently shown evidence that the main African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.l., has developed a high level of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides as well as to other classes of public health insecticides. While resistance is now spreading throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, reports from Benin and the West African region indicated the highest recorded frequencies of the resistance genes [3-6]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cotton pest management practices and the selection of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae population in Northern Benin

Yadouléton¹,

Martin

Padonou³

et al. 2011

Parasites Vectors

118

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BackgroundPyrethroid insecticides, carbamate and organophosphate are the classes of insecticides commonly used in agriculture for crop protection in Benin. Pyrethroids remain the only class of insecticides recommended by the WHO for impregnation of bed nets. Unfortunately, the high level of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l., threatens to undermine the success of pyrethroid treated nets. This study focuses on the investigation of agricultural practices in cotton growing areas, and their direct impact on larval populations of An. gambiae in surrounding breeding sites.MethodsThe protocol was based on the collection of agro-sociological data where farmers were subjected to semi-structured questionnaires based on the strategies used for crop protection. This was complemented by bioassay tests to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to various insecticides. Molecular analysis was performed to characterize the resistance genes and the molecular forms of An. gambiae. Insecticide residues in soil samples from breeding sites were investigated to determine major factors that can inhibit the normal growth of mosquito larvae by exposing susceptible and resistant laboratory strains.ResultsThere is a common use by local farmers of mineral fertilizer NPK at 200 kg/ha and urea at 50 kg/hectare following insecticide treatments in both the Calendar Control Program (CCP) and the Targeted Intermittent Control Program (TICP). By contrast, no chemicals are involved in Biological Program (BP) where farmers use organic and natural fertilizers which include animal excreta.Susceptibility test results confirmed a high resistance to DDT. Mean mortality of An. gambiae collected from the farms practicing CCP, TICP and BP methods were 33%, 42% and 65% respectively. An. gambiae populations from areas using the CCP and TICP programs showed resistance to permethrin with mortality of 50% and 58% respectively. By contrast, bioassay test results of An. gambiae from BP areas gave a high level of susceptibility to permethrin with an average mortality of 94%.Molecular analysis identified An. gambiae s.s, and An. arabiensis with a high predominance of An. gambiae s.s (90%). The two molecular forms, M and S, were also determined with a high frequency of the S form (96%).The Kdr gene seemed the main target- site resistance mechanism detected in CCP, TICP, and BP areas at the rates ranging from 32 to 78%. The frequency of ace-1R gene was very low (< 0.1).The presence of inhibiting factors in soil samples under insecticide treatments were found and affected negatively in delaying the development of An. gambiae larval populations.ConclusionsThis research shows that Kdr has spread widely in An. gambiae, mainly in CCP and TICP areas where pyrethroids are extensively used. To reduce the negative impact of pesticides use in cotton crop protection, the application of BP-like programs, which do not appear to select for vector resistance would be useful. These results could serve as scientific evidence of the spread of resistance due to a massi...

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Relationship Between <I>kdr</I> Mutation and Resistance to Pyrethroid and DDT Insecticides in Natural Populations of <I>Anopheles gambiae</I>

Cited by 58 publications

References 31 publications

Trends in DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiaes.s. populations from urban and agro-industrial settings in southern Cameroon

Trends in DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiaes.s. populations from urban and agro-industrial settings in southern Cameroon

The effect of multiple blood-feeding on the longevity and insecticide resistant phenotype in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae)

Cotton pest management practices and the selection of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae population in Northern Benin

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