Relationship between microstructure of AgCl film and electrochemical behavior of Ag|AgCl electrode for chloride detection

Zhang, Zhangmin; Hu, Jie; Wang, Yangyang; Shi, Ruichao; Ma, Yuwei; Huang, Haoliang; Wang, Hao; Wei, Jiangxiong

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109393

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The ions ClO À migrate through these micro-pores, mainly in the outer layers, forming new AgCl grains. Then the new AgCl grains cover the AgCl underneath, blocking the pores [26]. However, as expected, some remaining micro pores are observed in the Ag/AgCl surface, as seen in Fig.…”

Section: Scanning Eelectron Microcopysupporting

confidence: 70%

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Fabrication of a Simple and Cheap Screen‐printed Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) Quasi‐reference Electrode

Oliveira¹,

Resende

Ferreira

et al. 2021

Electroanalysis

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In this work, a silver/silver chloride ink is fabricated using two steps. First the silver ink is prepare using silver, nail polish and acetone. Then the silver ink is painted in a paper substrate and a silver chloride layer is deposited using a bleach solution. The result is the silver/ silver chloride conductive ink. The silver ink is cheap ($2.49/g), well-dispersive and very easy to fabricate. The materials were characterized by SEM and XRD. The Ag ink showed the formation of a continuous network throughout the silver ink film with fewer agglomeration.The effective chlorination process was also observed in the Ag/AgCl characterization. Since the Ag/AgCl substrate will be used as a quasi-reference electrode, it is important to investigate the electrical properties. The Ag ink showed an average ohmic resistance of 2.27 Ω. The addition of the AgCl layer decreases the conductivity, as expected. In summary, the Ag/Ag/Cl ink developed is simple, well-dispersed, cheap and with good conductivity. Therefore, it can be used as a conductive ink in the fabrication of quasi-reference electrodes.

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Section: Scanning Eelectron Microcopysupporting

confidence: 70%

“…It can be spherical, cubic and wire shapes, depends on the reaction conditions [24]. In this work, the AgCl synthetized has an irregular sphere-like phase with sizes about 2.5-7 μm [25,26].…”

Section: Scanning Eelectron Microcopymentioning

confidence: 87%

Fabrication of a Simple and Cheap Screen‐printed Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) Quasi‐reference Electrode

Oliveira¹,

Resende

Ferreira

et al. 2021

Electroanalysis

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show abstract

“…For the marine environment, to realize large-area rapid measurement, it is necessary to use the towing system for continuous testing . Both the field source and receiver electrodes must be towed in seawater (or seabed), which requires flexible electrodes to deal with various possible impact situations. , CFs are well studied as an electrode substrate material in double-layer CCEs, in which the main reaction depends on the charge adsorbed electrostatically on the electrode–electrolyte interface. − Compared with the Ag/AgCl ECEs, − the CF electrode showed stronger application potential in marine exploration because of their high flexibility, long-term stability, long service life, and low cost. , Nevertheless, the drawbacks of low activity and poor hydrophilicity of bare CFs are non-negligible. , It is imperative to develop high electrochemical activity materials to combine with CFs. As we know that silver (Ag) has long been employed as an electrically conductive component for promising functional materials. − Among various electrochemical active materials, Ag with an interesting morphology has attracted considerable researchers’ attention for marine sensors, due to its superior electrical conductivity and ductility. , Especially, three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical construction with many external curved regions and inner nanogaps could give rise to enough active sites in flower-like Ag nanostructures, , which provides superior sensing ability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controllable 3D Flower-Like Ag-CF Electrodes as Flexible Marine Electric Field Sensors with High Stability

et al. 2023

Inorg. Chem.

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Construction of three-dimensional (3D) flower-like nanostructures with controlled morphologies has emerged as an attractive tool by scientists in the marine electric field sensor research field due to their peculiar structural features. Herein, novel 3D flower-like Ag-CF capacitive composite electrodes have been created by an eco-friendly water-bath strategy via AgNO3 as a sliver source and subsequently compounded with carbon fibers (CFs) pretreated by thermal oxidation. A series of electrode samples with various morphologies obtained by modulating different reaction times and temperatures bring about the dominant formation mechanism of these nanostructures and the influence behavior on the CF electrode in detail. Especially, the 3D flower-like Ag-CF electrode shows a large surface area acquired under the conditions of 80 °C and 15 min, which can provide more electroactive sites in electrochemical analysis and exhibit a maximum areal specific capacitance of 619.75 mF·cm–2 at a scanning speed of 10 mV·s–1. This is mainly due to the synergistic behavior of the unique 3D flower-like morphology and the large specific surface area of CFs. Furthermore, a cylinder-shaped Ag-CF sensor is designed, which delivers a superior potential difference of 33.08 μV, a potential difference drift of 18.62 μV/24 h for 30 days, and a self-noise of 0.92 nV/rt (Hz)@1 Hz. In this work, the intriguing synthesis strategy can be a promising facile approach to manufacture the controllable 3D flower-like Ag-CF electrode for electric field sensor applications.

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“…The Ag/AgCl electrode is one of the most widely used electrodes. 1 − 4 Its applications range from its use in the reference electrode, 2 , 5 , 6 through as the sensor determining the chloride content in reinforced concrete structures to assess the probability of chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcements in them, 3 , 7 − 10 to the detection of electric field signals in seawater. 4 , 11 − 13 In particular, the Ag/AgCl electrode with AgCl coatings on the Ag surface is robust and nonpolarizable and has a single electric conductive ion, Cl – and establishes the fast electrochemical equilibrium with Cl – containing seawater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Ag/AgCl electrode is one of the most widely used electrodes. − Its applications range from its use in the reference electrode, ,, through as the sensor determining the chloride content in reinforced concrete structures to assess the probability of chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcements in them, ,− to the detection of electric field signals in seawater. ,− In particular, the Ag/AgCl electrode with AgCl coatings on the Ag surface is robust and nonpolarizable and has a single electric conductive ion, Cl – and establishes the fast electrochemical equilibrium with Cl – containing seawater . As a result of these properties, it has lower resistance and impedance with the stability of electrode voltage, that is, a very small self-noise in seawater, making itself suitable for its use of the marine weak low-frequency electric field detection (LFEFD), compared to other electrodes such as zinc, graphite, and saturated calomel electrodes, and even better than carbon fiber electrodes …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the AgCl Formation Mechanism on the Ag Wire Surface for the Fabrication of a Marine Low-Frequency-Electric-Field-Detection Ag/AgCl Sensor Electrode

Cho¹,

Kim²,

Kim

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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One of the most widely used electric field sensors for low-frequency electric field detection (LFEFD) in seawater uses the Ag/AgCl electrode. The surface structure of the electrode including AgCl layers plays a critical role in the electrode’s electrochemical performance required for the sensor. In this study, the sequential AgCl formation process under the constant current was examined on the Ag wire in an electrode size for actual applications, and an optimal electrode surface structure was suggested for the LFEFD Ag/AgCl sensor. Upon mild anodization (0.2 mA/cm 2 ) in 3.3 M KCl solution that permits us to follow the AgCl formation process manageably, Ag dissolution from the wire surface begins leaving cavities on the surface, with the accompanied growth of initial Ag grains. During this period, AgCl deposits in sizes of about several micrometers to 10 μm with crystal planes also form primarily along scratch lines on the wire surface, but in a partial scale. Then, with further anodization, the assumed thin AgCl deposits start to form, covering a large portion of the wire surface. They grow to become deposits in sizes of about several micrometers to 10 μm with no clear facet planes next to one another and are connected to form the network structure, representing the main developing mode of the AgCl deposits. While they cover all the surface, AgCl deposits also form on the surface of the already formed ones, making multiple AgCl layers. All these deposits develop through the nucleation process with a relatively high surface energy barrier, and their formation rate is solely controlled by the release rate of Ag + from the wire, thus by the applied current magnitude. The Ag/AgCl electrode with a thick AgCl layer and many holes in the AgCl surface structure like microchannels is considered to work effectively for the LFEFD sensor in terms of both detection sensitivity and service lifetime.

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Relationship between microstructure of AgCl film and electrochemical behavior of Ag|AgCl electrode for chloride detection

Cited by 19 publications

References 54 publications

Fabrication of a Simple and Cheap Screen‐printed Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) Quasi‐reference Electrode

Fabrication of a Simple and Cheap Screen‐printed Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) Quasi‐reference Electrode

Controllable 3D Flower-Like Ag-CF Electrodes as Flexible Marine Electric Field Sensors with High Stability

Investigation of the AgCl Formation Mechanism on the Ag Wire Surface for the Fabrication of a Marine Low-Frequency-Electric-Field-Detection Ag/AgCl Sensor Electrode

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