Relationship between neurological and cerebellar soft signs, and implicit motor learning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Abstract

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When practice does not make a perfect - paradoxical learning curve in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder revealed by different serial reaction time task variants

“…SZ individuals presented more severe deficits during SRTT when performing with their left hand. We have hypothesized that our findings could be associated with the structural and functional dysfunctions of the cerebellum and its networks, as observed in SZ and BD ( 5 – 7 ).…”

“…No breaks were made between the blocks during the procedure. After finishing the task, participants were asked if they could identify the presence of the sequence, and if so, they were asked to recall it ( 5 – 7 ).…”

“…The methodology of this variant was adapted from ( 18 ) and was used in our previous studies ( 5 – 7 ). During this SRTT variant, participants sat in front of a computer screen.…”

New Light on Prions: Putative Role of PrPc in Pathophysiology of Mood Disorders

“…The cerebellum is a preferential target of prions in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease [ 78 ]. A growing number of studies indicate a significant role of this structure not only in motor coordination but also in regulation of emotions and cognition, particularly in executive functions [ 79 ], visuospatial functions [ 80 ], language [ 81 ] and memory [ 82 ] Moreover, it has been shown that the cerebellum may be related to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and the patients with those conditions present motor abnormalities related to the dysfunction of this structure [ 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ]. PrP c may play a role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders through its significant role in long-term depression (LTD), a critical cellular mechanism responsible for synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in the cerebellum [ 91 , 92 ] Transgenic mice with knock-out of PrP c gene (Ngsk Prnp −/− ) presented impaired LTD in excitatory synaptic transmission at connections between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells.…”

Can neurological soft signs and neurocognitive deficits serve as a combined endophenotype for Han Chinese with bipolar disorder?

“…However, when opposed to the literature on schizophrenia, NSS in BD is a comparatively understudied area. Numerous studies, on the other hand, have discovered significant neurological and genetic similarities between schizophrenia and BD (Bora, 2016; Chrobak et al., 2021; Gotra et al., 2020). As a result, it's acceptable to assume that, similar to schizophrenia, several items in the NSS fit the requirements for a BD endophenotype.…”