Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and periodontal disease: a review and study protocol on the effect of periodontal treatment on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that is prevalent worldwide. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced form of NAFLD and carries the risk of progression from hepatic inflammation and fibrosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathological mechanisms of NAFLD have been proposed, such as the two-hit hypothesis and the multiple parallel hit hypothesis. Periodontal disease is a chronic infectious disease of the tissues surrounding the teeth that result in tooth loss. Several reports have indicated that periodontal infection is related to NAFLD. NAFLD and periodontal disease are chronic inflammatory conditions that are known as 'silent diseases'. Therefore, both conditions need to be detected early and treated under collaborative medical and dental care in order to prevent progression to NASH. For this purpose, further investigations in humans on the relationship between NAFLD and periodontal disease and on the effect of periodontal treatment on NAFLD are necessary. In this paper, studies on the relationship between NAFLD and periodontal disease are reviewed and a clinical study investigating the effect of periodontal treatment on NAFLD is introduced.Recent animal and human investigations have indicated that NAFLD/NASH is related to periodontal disease [13,14]. As patients with liver or periodontal disease have few subjective and early symptoms, the diseases are often severe when they are discovered at medical institutions. [15,16]. Therefore, early detection and treatment under collaborative medical and dental care is important to prevent progression to NASH, which may then develop into cirrhosis or liver cancer. Further investigations in humans on the relationship between NAFLD and periodontal disease and on the effect of periodontal treatment on NAFLD are desired. This paper reviews studies on NAFLD and periodontal

Microbiota Dysbiosis and Gut Barrier Dysfunction Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Are Modulated by a Specific Metabolic Cofactors’ Combination

“…Moreover, Anaerotruncus and Lachnoclostridium, which are described as mucin-degrading bacteria that can impact both glycan composition and mucus thickness participating in the degradation of mucin [59], were increased in NAFLD mice in this study, which correlated with other preclinical studies [60,61], supporting the association of impaired intestinal barrier function with NAFLD. Here, we also found the elevated presence of Eubacterium nodatum in NAFLD mice, which is closely related to periodontal lesions and influences the pathology of NAFLD [62]. However, the levels of Eubacterium nodatum were significantly reduced by MI treatment.…”

The Hypoglycemic and Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Dioscorea deltoidea, Tribulus terrestris and Panax japonicus Cell Culture Biomass in Rats with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity

“…The animals were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 ( n = 10) was an intact group receiving standard feed (SF); group 2 ( n = 50) served to model alimentary obesity and received hypercaloric feed (HF) with an excess of easily digestible carbohydrates ( Table 1 ). Hypercaloric feed was composed of standard feed (63%) with addition of rendered beef fat (19%), sucrose (10%), and isolated soy protein (8%) [ 56 ].…”