Relationship between oral frailty, health-related quality of life, and survival among long-term care residents

Abstract

Purpose We evaluated oral frailty (OFr) and its association with health-related quality of life (HRQoL), energy and protein intake, and survival among older long-term care residents. Methods This cross-sectional study with a 3-year follow-up for survival assessed 349 residents in long-term care facilities (73% female, mean age 82 years). We defined OFr with six signs (dry mouth, food residue on oral surfaces, unclear speech, inability to keep mouth open or pain expression during the clinical oral examination, diet pureed/soft) and OFr severity was categorized as Group 1, (mild) = 0–1 signs, Group 2 (moderate) = 2–4 signs, and Group 3 (severe) = 5–6 signs. We measured HRQoL with 15D instrument, and energy and protein intake by a 1- to 2-day food record. Mortality was retrieved from central registers on March 2021. Results Of the residents, 15% had 0–1, 67% 2–4 and 18% 5–6 OFr signs. HRQoL decreased linearly from Group 1 to Group 3. OFr correlated with such dimensions of HRQoL as mobility, eating, speech, excretion, usual activities, mental function, and vitality. We found no association between OFr categories and energy and protein intake. Survival decreased linearly from Group 1 to Group 3. Conclusions OFr was common among older long-term care residents and OFr severity predicts poorer outcomes. The six oral signs denoting OFr may be used at the bedside to screen residents at risk for OFr.