Relationship between remnant cholesterol and risk of kidney stones in U.S. Adults: a 2007–2016 NHANES analysis

Abstract

Purpose Remnant cholesterol (RC) is the cholesterol content of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. This study aimed to investigate the association between RC levels and kidney stones in U.S. adults. Methods Data were obtained from the 2007 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 10,551 participants with complete data were included and analyzed in this study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, restricted cubic spline function, subgroup analysis and mediation analysis were preformed to estimate the independent relationship between RC levels and kidney stones. Results Participants with stone formation had higher levels of RC than those with without stone formation (25.78 ± 13.83 vs 23.27 ± 13.04, p < 0.001). The results of logistic regression analysis and dose-response risk curves revealed a positive nonlinear association between RC levels and risk of kidney stones [univariate: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) =2.388, 95% CI: 1.797–3.173, p < 0.001; multivariate: aOR = 1.424, 95% CI: 1.050–1.929, p = 0.023]. Compared with the discordantly low RC group, the discordantly high RC group was associated with increased risk of kidney stones (aOR = 1.185, 95% CI: 1.013–1.386, p = 0.034). Similar results were demonstrated according to the discordance of different clinical cut points. And metabolic syndrome parameters and vitamin D levels parallelly mediated the association between RC and kidney stone risk. Conclusions Higher RC levels were independently associated with an increased risk of kidney stone incidence.