Relationship between the activities of cytochromes P4502E1 and P4502A6 and skatole content in fat in entire male pigs fed with and without raw potato starch

Zamaratskaia, Galia; Squires, E. J.; Babol, J; Andersson, H.K.; Andersson, Kristina; Lundström, Kerstin

doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.12.012

Cited by 18 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Liver samples were taken at slaughter, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at 2808C until analysis. Microsomes were isolated by differential centrifugation, and CYP2E1 and CYP2A activities were measured as previously described (Zamaratskaia et al, 2005a).…”

Section: Chemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The random effects of pen and litter were included in the model when analysing chemical substances in plasma and fat, testis weight and bulbourethral gland length, and enzyme activities. The levels of skatole in plasma and in fat were affected by dietary composition (Zamaratskaia et al, 2005a;Chen et al, 2007b) and the pigs fed raw potato starch were, therefore, excluded from the statistical analysis on skatole. A logarithmic transformation was applied to the levels of chemical compounds and enzyme activities to normalise the distributions of observed values.…”

Section: Chemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accumulation of skatole at concentrations 0.20 mg/g and above causes an unpleasant faecal-like odour in pork (reviewed by Walstra et al, 1999). Low activities of the enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP2E1 and CYP2A may lead to decreased skatole metabolism and higher skatole accumulation in the adipose tissue (Diaz and Squires, 2000;Zamaratskaia et al, 2005a). Decreased skatole metabolism in the liver is often related to high androstenone levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of polymorphism in the porcine cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) gene on androstenone and skatole concentrations and sexual development in Swedish pig populations

Zamaratskaia

Lou

Peacock

et al. 2008

Animal

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The present study investigated the presence of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (G . T) at base 28 upstream of ATG in 5 0 untranslated region of cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) gene in Swedish pig populations and evaluated the significance of this polymorphism for androstenone and skatole levels, sexual development and performance parameters in pigs. Frequencies of the T allele were 6.7% for Swedish Yorkshire 3 Landrace crossbred pigs (n 5 245), 6.5% for Swedish Yorkshire (n 5 99) and 12.8% for Landrace breed (n 5 74). No deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed in the investigated populations. In Swedish Yorkshire 3 Landrace crossbred entire male pigs (n 5 193), plasma samples were analysed for skatole, androstenone, testosterone and oestrone sulphate, and fat samples were analysed for androstenone, skatole and free oestrone. Additionally, testis weight and bulbourethral gland length for crossbred pigs were recorded. Plasma androstenone levels were significantly lower in the G/T genotype at 90 kg live weight compared with the wild G/G genotype at the same live weight (P 5 0.006). In heavier pigs, plasma androstenone levels did not differ between genotypes (P 5 0.382). Fat androstenone levels were not affected by CYB5A genotype (P 5 0.252). Skatole levels in the G/T genotype at 115 kg live weight were lower compared with those in the G/G genotype in plasma (P 5 0.048) and fat (P 5 0.028), although no differences were observed in lighter pigs. Testis weight, bulbourethral gland length, testosterone and oestrone sulphate levels in plasma, and oestrone levels in fat were not affected by genotype. We concluded that the presence of the T allele in the CYB5A gene resulted in lower androstenone levels in plasma, and lower skatole levels in fat and plasma; this reduction, however, was dependent on the live weight of the animals. Reproductive hormones and growth rate did not differ between the pigs of different genotypes, whereas a higher lean meat content was found in the G/T genotype in comparison with the G/G genotype. The practical application of those results in Sweden is doubtful because of lack of the effect on androstenone in fat and the low frequency of the T allele in the studied Swedish pig populations.

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Section: Chemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of polymorphism in the porcine cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) gene on androstenone and skatole concentrations and sexual development in Swedish pig populations

Zamaratskaia

Lou

Peacock

et al. 2008

Animal

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“…CYP450 activity (Zamaratskaia et al, 2005). To our knowledge, the present study is the first attempt to consider both aspects using the same animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The importance of cytochrome P450 (CYP450; especially CYP1A, CYP2A and CYP2E1) in skatole metabolism is well established (Babol et al, 1998;Diaz and Squires, 2000;Zamaratskaia et al, 2005;Matal et al, 2009;Wiercinska et al, 2011). Currently, seven skatole metabolites are known, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), 2-aminoacetophenone (AAP), 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), 3-methyloxyindole (MOI), 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine, 5-hydroxy-3-methylindole and 6-hydroxy-3-methylindole (6-OH-3MI) (Baek et al, 1997;Diaz et al, 1999;Borrisser Pairó et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skatole metabolites in urine as a biological marker of pigs with enhanced hepatic metabolism

Brunius

Vidanarachchi

Tomankova

et al. 2016

Animal

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Boar taint is a quality defect in meat, related to accumulation of skatole and androstenone in male pigs. The levels of skatole and its main metabolites in plasma and urine samples were measured with a validated liquid chromatography-MS method and related to activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) in order to identify 'fast metabolizing' pigs. Urine (n = 46), blood (n = 12), liver (n = 25) and adipose tissue (n = 46) were sampled from a total of 46 entire male pigs. Skatole levels in fat were negatively correlated to CYP2E1 activity and positively to 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) and 2-aminoacetophenone in urine. HMOI and ICA levels in urine were the best predictors of high skatole levels in fat. In summary, the present study provided further evidence for the key role of CYP2E1 in skatole metabolism and suggested that measurement of HMOI and/or ICA in urine might provide information about skatole levels in live pigs.Keywords: pig, skatole, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA), cytochrome P450 (CYP450) ImplicationsBreeding against skatole and androstenone is a possible future solution to eliminate boar taint. This would allow improving meat quality from male pigs without the need of either surgical or immunological castration. However, relevant taint-related biomarkers are required. To identify pigs with enhanced skatole-metabolizing ability, we have investigated how skatole metabolites in urine correlate with skatole levels in fat. Although urine sampling is time-consuming, the main advantage is the possibility of sampling on live animals, the availability of urine and the higher presence of skatole metabolites compared with plasma. This allows time-series monitoring in a non-invasive manner. Thus, the results from this study are important with respect to palatability of pork products from entire male pigs. Moreover, consumer preference for leaner meat, higher ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fat and muscles and higher protein concentration in carcasses can be met by using entire male pigs in production. We believe this to be a valuable contribution in breeding against boar taint.

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Biological Effect

Cserháti¹

2009

Chromatography of Aroma Compounds and Fragrances

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Relationship between the activities of cytochromes P4502E1 and P4502A6 and skatole content in fat in entire male pigs fed with and without raw potato starch

Cited by 18 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of polymorphism in the porcine cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) gene on androstenone and skatole concentrations and sexual development in Swedish pig populations

Effect of polymorphism in the porcine cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) gene on androstenone and skatole concentrations and sexual development in Swedish pig populations

Skatole metabolites in urine as a biological marker of pigs with enhanced hepatic metabolism

Biological Effect

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