Relationship between the persistence of African swine fever and the distribution of Ornithodoros erraticus in the province of Salamanca, Spain

Pérez–Sánchez, Ricardo; Astigarraga, A.; Oleaga, Ana; Encinas-Grandes, Antonio

doi:10.1136/vr.135.9.207

Cited by 51 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…In some parts of Spain a significant association was found between the presence of O. erraticus and the occurrence of outbreaks (Perez-Sanchez et al 1994). Ornithodoros erraticus ticks can maintain the infection for four months after their last blood meal (Sanchez-Botija 1963).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of African Swine Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

African swine fever: how can global spread be prevented?

Costard

Wieland

Glanville

et al. 2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

434

407

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African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating haemorrhagic fever of pigs with mortality rates approaching 100 per cent. It causes major economic losses, threatens food security and limits pig production in affected countries. ASF is caused by a large DNA virus, African swine fever virus (ASFV). There is no vaccine against ASFV and this limits the options for disease control. ASF has been confined mainly to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is maintained in a sylvatic cycle and/or among domestic pigs. Wildlife hosts include wild suids and arthropod vectors. The relatively small numbers of incursions to other continents have proven to be very difficult to eradicate. Thus, ASF remained endemic in the Iberian peninsula until the mid-1990s following its introductions in 1957 and 1960 and the disease has remained endemic in Sardinia since its introduction in 1982. ASF has continued to spread within Africa to previously uninfected countries, including recently the Indian Ocean islands of Madagascar and Mauritius. Given the continued occurrence of ASF in sub-Saharan Africa and increasing global movements of people and products, it is not surprising that further transcontinental transmission has occurred. The introduction of ASF to Georgia in the Caucasus in 2007 and dissemination to neighbouring countries emphasizes the global threat posed by ASF and further increases the risks to other countries. We review the mechanisms by which ASFV is maintained within wildlife and domestic pig populations and how it can be transmitted. We then consider the risks for global spread of ASFV and discuss possibilities of how disease can be prevented.

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Section: Epidemiology Of African Swine Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

African swine fever: how can global spread be prevented?

Costard

Wieland

Glanville

et al. 2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

434

407

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In contrast, the important role of O. erraticus in disease maintenance was clearly confirmed (9,30) in those areas where its presence has been demonstrated (Portugal and Spain). Viable ASFV can persist in infected soft ticks for at least five years (31).…”

Section: Europementioning

confidence: 89%

“…An ELISA test based on the extract of salivary glands of O. erraticus was widely employed during the eradication period in Spain to detect pigs exposed to the bites of Ornithodoros ticks (30,36), and this is still in use in several areas of Europe. Further assays have been developed to improve the test' s specificity (37).…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into the role of ticks in African swine fever epidemiology

Sánchez-Vizcaı́no¹,

Mur²,

Bastos³

et al. 2015

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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SummaryAfrican swine fever (ASF), one of the most important diseases of swine, is present in many African countries, as well as in eastern Europe, Russia and Sardinia. It is caused by a complex virus, ASF virus (ASFV), for which neither vaccine nor treatment is available. ASFV affects swine of all breeds and ages, and also replicates in soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros, facilitating ASFV persistence and reocurrence of disease. Depending on the involvement of these ticks, and the presence or not of sylvatic asymptomatic animals, several epidemiological cycles have been identified. The disease persists in East and southern African countries in a sylvatic cycle between O. porcinus (of the O. moubata species complex) and common warthogs. In some countries a domestic pig-tick cycle exists, whereas in other regions, notably West Africa, the role of soft ticks has not been demonstrated, and ASFV is transmitted between domestic pigs in the absence of tick vectors. Even in several East and Central African countries which have the sylvatic or domestic cycle, the majority of outbreaks are not associated with ticks or wild suids. In Europe, O. erraticus was detected and identified as a crucial vector for ASF maintenance in outdoor pig production on the Iberian Peninsula. However, in most parts of Europe, there is a lack of information about the distribution and role of Ornithodoros ticks in ASF persistence, particularly in eastern regions. This article reviews ASF epidemiology and its main characteristics, with a special focus on the distribution and role of soft ticks in ASF persistence in different settings. Information about tick detection, control measures and future directions for research is also included.

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“…with or without biting arthropods, such as African swine fever which, according to the existing conditions, uses one or other mode of transmission) [23]. However, as with the previous criterion, the behaviour of a disease in a given environment is in a large majority of cases determined in a preferential manner (see Tabs.…”

Section: Disease Categoriesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Proposed criteria to determine whether a territory is free of a given animal disease

2001

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-This text describes the general principles underlying the concept of disease-free territory and the required statistical basis for the corresponding epidemiological surveillance operations. Among the essential points, it is emphasised that "disease-free" status should be given only under conditions substantiating the absence of infection (or infestation) and not simply on basis of a known low level of infection (or infestation). This manuscript also raises concerns about possible confusion that has arisen between the inevitable requirement to set a threshold on the level of detection of epidemiological surveillance tools, for economic reasons, and the acceptance of a level of infection (or infestation) that is known, but occurring below the accepted threshold, when according the official status of "territory-free from a given disease". In such a situation, it would be preferable to accord the status of "territory where the disease is in the process of eradication". free territory / infectious disease / prevalence rate threshold Résumé -Proposition de critères pour déclarer un territoire indemne d'une maladie animale. Ce texte rappelle les principes généraux sur lesquels devrait être fondée la notion de territoire indemne d'une maladie, ainsi que les bases statistiques nécessaires aux opérations d'épidémiosurveillance correspondantes. Parmi les éléments essentiels, les auteurs insistent sur la nécessité de ne conférer l'appellation « indemne de » que lorsqu'il n'est pas possible de prouver l'infection (ou l'infestation) et non pas lors de la présence certaine d'un faible taux d'infection (ou d'infestation). Ils attirent l'attention sur la confusion qui a dû s'installer entre l'inévitable exigence de fixer une limite au niveau de détec-tabilité des outils d'épidémiosurveillance, pour des raisons économiques, et l'acceptation d'un taux d'infection (ou d'infestation) connu, mais situé au-dessous de ce niveau, pour l'attribution officielle de la qualification « indemne de ». Pour une telle situation (prévalence faible, située au-dessous d'un seuil défini en fonction des caractéristiques épidémiologiques des maladies), l'appellation « territoire où la maladie est en voie d'éradication » est préférable.territoire indemne / maladie infectieuse / prévalence limite acceptable Vet. Res. 32 (2001) 545-563 545

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Relationship between the persistence of African swine fever and the distribution of Ornithodoros erraticus in the province of Salamanca, Spain

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

African swine fever: how can global spread be prevented?

African swine fever: how can global spread be prevented?

New insights into the role of ticks in African swine fever epidemiology

Proposed criteria to determine whether a territory is free of a given animal disease

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