Relationship between the type of hormone replacement therapy and incidence of breast cancer in Korea

Baek, Juha; Kim, Hye In; Kang, Min Soo; Seon, Ki Eun; Kim, Eui Hyeok; Seo, Seok Kyo

doi:10.1080/13697137.2022.2077096

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Current observational data show that menopause/hormonal replacement therapy (MPT/HRT) reduces “all-cause mortality” ( Akter et al, 2022 ; Bluming, 2022 ; Hodis and Mack, 2022 ; The North American Menopause Society, 2022 ), decreases the risk of dementia among female patients with depression ( Kim T.-Y. et al, 2022 ), lowers the risk of breast cancer (in Korea) ( Baek et al, 2022 ), and reduces COVID-19 deaths ( Sund et al, 2022 ). Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is recommended for late-onset hypogonadism in aging males over 65 years old ( Nieschlag, 2020 ; Burte et al, 2021 ), but it is still a subject of controversy ( Diokno, 2022 ; Mian et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding human aging and the fundamental cell signaling link in age-related diseases: the middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis

Phua

2023

Front. Aging

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Aging-related hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation pathophysiology are closely associated with human age-related carcinogenesis and chronic diseases. However, the connection between hypoxia and hormonal cell signaling pathways is unclear, but such human age-related comorbid diseases do coincide with the middle-aging period of declining sex hormonal signaling. This scoping review evaluates the relevant interdisciplinary evidence to assess the systems biology of function, regulation, and homeostasis in order to discern and decipher the etiology of the connection between hypoxia and hormonal signaling in human age-related comorbid diseases. The hypothesis charts the accumulating evidence to support the development of a hypoxic milieu and oxidative stress-inflammation pathophysiology in middle-aged individuals, as well as the induction of amyloidosis, autophagy, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in aging-related degeneration. Taken together, this new approach and strategy can provide the clarity of concepts and patterns to determine the causes of declining vascularity hemodynamics (blood flow) and physiological oxygenation perfusion (oxygen bioavailability) in relation to oxygen homeostasis and vascularity that cause hypoxia (hypovascularity hypoxia). The middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis could provide the mechanistic interface connecting the endocrine, nitric oxide, and oxygen homeostasis signaling that is closely linked to the progressive conditions of degenerative hypertrophy, atrophy, fibrosis, and neoplasm. An in-depth understanding of these intrinsic biological processes of the developing middle-aged hypoxia could provide potential new strategies for time-dependent therapies in maintaining healthspan for healthy lifestyle aging, medical cost savings, and health system sustainability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding human aging and the fundamental cell signaling link in age-related diseases: the middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis

Phua

2023

Front. Aging

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“…104,106 However, in the Korean population, tibolone has been shown to lower the risk of breast cancer, both after short and long duration of use. 111 Although the literature is scant, BZA/CE appears to have a favorable breast-related safety profile as it does not increase mammographic breast density 111 and has been shown to have a neutral effect on the risk of breast cancer over follow-up periods of 5 and 7 years. 112,113 Uterus Systemic estrogen-only therapy can cause endometrial hyperplasia or cancer in women with an intact uterus and should, therefore, always be combined with a progestogen.…”

Section: Breastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thereafter, the risk increases 104,106 . However, in the Korean population, tibolone has been shown to lower the risk of breast cancer, both after short and long duration of use 111 …”

Section: Mht Benefits and Risks On Health Domains Target Organs And S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Counseling in menopausal women: How to address the benefits and risks of menopause hormone therapy. A FIGO position paper

Genazzani,

Divakar,

Khadilkar

et al. 2024

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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Menopause marks the end of menstrual cyclicity and, depending on individual vulnerability, has several consequences related to gonadal steroid deprivation, especially if it is premature. Menopause may be more burdensome for some women than for others. Individual factors, such as personal history, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and current health conditions, affect symptomatology and, thereby, the menopausal experience. In addition, some menopausal symptoms, such as severe hot flashes, sleep disorders, and depression, are markers of future health risks. Counseling is a fundamental part of health care in the peri‐ and postmenopause periods. It must include an assessment of the patient's symptoms, needs, desires, and risk profile to address the benefits and risks of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on an individual basis and promote a healthy lifestyle. Indeed, healthcare practitioners can and must protect the health and lives of mid‐life women by increasing awareness of menopausal symptoms and ensuring healthcare options, especially MHT. The type and duration of MHT should be tailored based on the patient's history, menopausal age, physical characteristics, and current health status so that the benefits always outweigh the risks. This FIGO position paper focuses on the benefits and risks of MHT on health domains, target organs, and systems, and on systemic and vaginal MHT regimens, to provide indications that can be used in the clinical practice for menopausal counseling. Moreover, it offers insights into what FIGO considers the mainstay for the healthcare management of women in peri‐ and postmenopause, worldwide.

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“…Recently, a nested case-control study in Korea among 36,446 women who used MHT for more than 1 year and 36,446 women who did not use MHT for more than 1 year was perform. Of these women, 14,250 women were prescribed with tibolone and this study reported that tibolone use was associated with a reduced risk of BC (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.66–0.90) [ 44 ]. In particular, the risk of BC was lower with tibolone in women treated early stage in menopause.…”

Section: Tibolone and Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Tibolone and Breast Cancer

Lee,

Yun,

Kim

et al. 2023

J Menopausal Med

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Tibolone, a selective tissue estrogenic activity regulator, is a synthetic steroid with distinct pharmacological and clinical characteristics in contrast to conventional menopausal hormone therapy. Tibolone induces estrogenic activity in the brain, vagina, and bone but remains inactive in the endometrium and breast. In particular, several studies have investigated whether tibolone usage increases the risk of breast cancer. This study aims to determine the effects of tibolone on the breast by focusing on the relation between tibolone use and breast cancer. Our investigation emphasizes recent studies, particularly those based on Asian populations.

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Relationship between the type of hormone replacement therapy and incidence of breast cancer in Korea

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Understanding human aging and the fundamental cell signaling link in age-related diseases: the middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis

Understanding human aging and the fundamental cell signaling link in age-related diseases: the middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis

Counseling in menopausal women: How to address the benefits and risks of menopause hormone therapy. A FIGO position paper

Tibolone and Breast Cancer

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