Relationship between tooth loss, low masticatory ability, and nutritional indices in the elderly: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background Low masticatory ability and the resulting decrease in intake of masticable foods can result in undernutrition. The present study investigated the relationship between tooth loss, low masticatory ability, and nutritional indices in the elderly. Methods The data analyzed in this study were retrieved from the baseline data of the 2007 Fujiwara-kyo study, a prospective cohort study of community-dwelling elderly individuals. Subjects included 1591 men and 1543 women, both with a median age of 71 years. The maximum occlusal force was measured as an objective index of masticatory ability. Foods were divided into five groups based on hardness: Group 1 (bananas, etc.), 0.53 kg; Group 2 (boiled rice, etc.), 1.22 kg; Group 3 (raisins, etc.), 2.93 kg; Group 4 (raw carrots, etc.), 4.38 kg; and Group 5 (beef jerky), 6.56 kg. To obtain a subjective index of masticatory ability, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted to determine whether subjects could masticate foods within each group. As nutritional indices, serum albumin levels and body mass index (BMI) data were used. Results The median number of teeth was 21. The proportion of subjects for whom all five food groups were masticable showed a significant decrease in the number of teeth in both males and females. Logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjustment for confounders, no significant relationships were observed between the number of teeth and the masticatory ability with nutritional indices in males. In females, a maximum occlusal force of 100 to 300 N (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.06–2.55) or less than 100 N (OR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.15–3.31) showed a significant correlation with serum albumin levels below 4.4 g/dL (reference: 500 N or more). In addition, the masticability of all five food groups showed a significant correlation with BMI < 21.0 kg/m 2 (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.46–0.85) in females. Conclusions A low number of teeth was associated with low masticatory ability in both males and females. Low masticatory ability was associated with low plasma albumin levels and low BMI in females. Not smoking, maintaining grip strength, preventing cancer, and masticatory ability are important for preventing undernutrition.

Nutritional Status and Oral Frailty: A Community Based Study

“…Decreased masticatory function changes food preferences and disturbs balance of food intake [ 6 , 7 ]. In older persons, the number of teeth affects the intake of some foods and nutrients [ 8 , 9 ]. Poor masticatory function leads to imbalanced food intake and undesirable nutritional status that can lead to chronic systemic illness.…”

Self-assessment tool for evaluating periodontal conditions

“…Patients with periodontitis are more likely to have halitosis than those without 4 and at higher risk of developing tooth loss, which could lead to various issues, such as difficulties in mastication and pronunciation of certain sounds, undesirable facial aesthetics, and poor cognitive functions. [5][6][7][8] Unknown to many non-dentists, evidence shows that periodontal disease is associated with several systemic conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. 9 The periodontal-systemic disease connection is believed to be caused by the metastatic spread of microorganisms and their by-products in dental plaque and inflammatory mediators from periodontal tissues to other organs of the body.…”

Masticatory Adaptation to Occlusal Changes

“…Fifty-three percents of a Brazilian population made up of 5,124 elderly individuals (aged 65-74; 59.2% wearing complete denture) declared they had poor mastication (Dias-da-Costa et al, 2010). In a group of 3,134 Japanese community dwelling elderly persons with a median age of 71, 20.7% could not eat one of the five test foods proposed (Okamoto et al, 2019). As concluded by the authors the subjects' difficulties were strongly correlated with the number of residual natural teeth.…”