Relationship between upper limb physical performance tests and muscle strength of scapular, shoulder and spine stabilizers: A cross-sectional study

Role of active joint position sense on the upper extremity functional performance tests in college volleyball players

“…Participants were instructed to perform as many alternating touches as possible, while maintaining the correct four-point position ( Borms & Cools, 2018 ). If one of the touches did not reach the required distance of the test, the testing continued; however, the trial was not counted ( Guirelli et al, 2021 ; Tucci et al, 2014 ). After one familiarization trial, three maximal-effort trials were executed with a 45-s rest between sets.…”

“…The current literature suggests that the performance during an upper extremity functional test can be influenced by several factors including (i) one, or the combination of, motor capabilities, such as strength, power, flexibility, coordination, among others; and (ii) the specific motor skills involved in the test or activity, e.g ., jump, run, throw, etc. ( DiCesare et al, 2019 ; Fernandez-Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, 2014 ; Gabbett & Georgieff, 2007 ; Guirelli et al, 2021 ; Sarvestan, Svoboda & Linduška, 2020 ). For instance, it has been suggested that the isometric strength of the external shoulder rotators has a moderate relationship ( r = 0.50–0.63) with the YBT-UQ in all testing directions ( Guirelli et al, 2021 ); as well as a strong relationship ( r = 0.75–0.79) between isokinetic strength of the shoulder rotators with the SMBT ( Borms, Maenhout & Cools, 2016 ).…”

“…( DiCesare et al, 2019 ; Fernandez-Fernandez, Ulbricht & Ferrauti, 2014 ; Gabbett & Georgieff, 2007 ; Guirelli et al, 2021 ; Sarvestan, Svoboda & Linduška, 2020 ). For instance, it has been suggested that the isometric strength of the external shoulder rotators has a moderate relationship ( r = 0.50–0.63) with the YBT-UQ in all testing directions ( Guirelli et al, 2021 ); as well as a strong relationship ( r = 0.75–0.79) between isokinetic strength of the shoulder rotators with the SMBT ( Borms, Maenhout & Cools, 2016 ). However, no relationship has yet to be observed between the strength of the shoulder rotator muscles and the CKCUEST or YBT-UQ ( Borms, Maenhout & Cools, 2016 ; Guirelli et al, 2021 ; Westrick et al, 2012 ).…”

“…For instance, it has been suggested that the isometric strength of the external shoulder rotators has a moderate relationship ( r = 0.50–0.63) with the YBT-UQ in all testing directions ( Guirelli et al, 2021 ); as well as a strong relationship ( r = 0.75–0.79) between isokinetic strength of the shoulder rotators with the SMBT ( Borms, Maenhout & Cools, 2016 ). However, no relationship has yet to be observed between the strength of the shoulder rotator muscles and the CKCUEST or YBT-UQ ( Borms, Maenhout & Cools, 2016 ; Guirelli et al, 2021 ; Westrick et al, 2012 ). Nonetheless, there may be further associations between the performances of these functional tests and other motor or sensorimotor capabilities such as proprioception.…”

“…More precisely, joint position sense is the ability to reproduce joint angles actively or passively ( Ager et al, 2021 ; Röijezon, Clark & Treleaven, 2015 ). Several researchers have chosen to evaluate active joint position sense (AJPS) as a sub-modality of proprioception, as it has been suggested to be a representative variable of shoulder proprioception in healthy ( Balke et al, 2011 ; Brindle et al, 2006 ; Clark, Röijezon & Treleaven, 2015 ; Hung & Darling, 2012 ) and pathologic shoulders ( Guirelli et al, 2021 ; Lubiatowski et al, 2019 ). Moreover, it is hypothesized to support strong ecological validity ( Gibson, 1979 ), as it theoretically most resembles the active functional movements of sport.…”