Relationship of aging, skeletal muscle mass, and tooth loss with masseter muscle thickness

Yamaguchi, Kohei; Tohara, Haruka; Hara, Koji; Nakane, Ayako; Kajisa, E.; Yoshimi, Kanako; Minakuchi, Shunsuke

doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0753-z

Cited by 63 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Elderly females with increased parathyroid hormonal levels and decreased estrogen levels could have a reduction in bone integrity over time 44,45 , and the associations among systemic osteoporosis, aging, and mandibular bone loss have been suggested [46][47][48][49] . Moreover, a generalized reduction in the total mass of the skeletal muscles and decreased size of the masticatory muscles in accordance with aging has been reported 50, 51 . The masticatory function also seemed to be related to masticatory muscle thickness and systemic muscle mass 52,53 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Decreased mandibular cortical bone quality after botulinum toxin injections in masticatory muscles in female adults

Hong

Kang

2020

Sci Rep

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this study aimed to clarify how masticatory muscle atrophy induced by botulinum toxin (BtX) injection affects cortical bone quality of the mandible using 3D modeling technology. A total of 39 young (26.9 ± 6.0 years) and 38 post-menopausal (55.3 ± 6.3 years) females were included. Computed tomography (CT) images were obtained before and after 12 months of treatment. Predictor variables were application of a stabilization splint, and/or two times of BtX injection in the bilateral temporalis and masseter muscles within a six-month interval. Outcome variables were changes in average Hounsfield units (HU) and cortical thickness of region of interest (ROI). 3D mandibular models were reconstructed using CT images, and models were used to calculate average HU and cortical thickness of Rois, including inferior half of the lateral surface of ascending ramus, coronoid process, and temporomandibular joint condyle. Cortical bone quality at muscle insertion site was influenced by decreased muscle thickness but seemed not to be affected by decreased functional loading. Reduced functional loading seemed to influence cortical bone quality of the condyles. These effects were more remarkable in post-menopausal females. Hence, decreased masticatory muscle thickness may lead to alterations of the mandibular cortical structures, especially in post-menopausal females. Bone is a dynamic structure that continuously undergoes a remodeling process through resorption and apposition to meet environmental requirements. The adaptation rate of the bone to functional loading is mediated by dynamic forces of the associated muscles 1. Skeletal muscles transduce mechanical loading to the bone in three ways: (1) the tensile force developed by a muscle contraction at its insertion site, (2) the compressive force developed by muscles that transduce loading across the joints, and (3) the bending force experienced by long bone associated muscles for lifting distally held objects 2. The role of mechanical stimulation by muscles to maintain bone density has been well known and the association among the amount of physical activity, body muscle mass, and quality of both cortical and trabecular bones has also been investigated 3-6. Botulinum toxin (BTX) acts as a pre-synaptic neurotoxin that blocks neuromuscular transmission by inhibiting acetylcholine release from the motor and sympathetic nerve terminals 7 as well as inflammatory mediators including substance P and glutamate 7,8. Muscle paralysis induced by BTX injection was related with not only reduced active loading but also an increased passive elastic modulus of muscle fiber bundles 9. BTX has been used not only for cosmetic purposes but also to improve symptoms associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), myofascial pain syndrome, and headaches. The majorities of adverse effects associated with the application of BTX in the orofacial region are mild and transient including bruising, swelling, pain around the injection site, and masticatory muscle weakness 10. Several previous studies have rev...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Decreased mandibular cortical bone quality after botulinum toxin injections in masticatory muscles in female adults

Hong

Kang

2020

Sci Rep

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“…Several reports have indicated that the amount of protein consumed by the elderly is not sufficient (28)(29)(30)(31). Oral issues such as decreased appetite with age (32, 33), dysphagia (34), reduced muscle strength required for meat consumption (35,36), and periodontal disease (37) are noted as causes. In addition, aging of the digestive organs and gastric acid secretion decrease in the elderly (38), suggesting a decrease in digestive function to efficiently absorb the ingested protein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Deficiency-Induced Behavioral Abnormalities and Neurotransmitter Loss in Aged Mice Are Ameliorated by Essential Amino Acids

et al. 2020

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Nutritional epidemiology shows that insufficient protein intake is related to senile dementia. The levels of protein intake in aged people are positively associated with memory function, and elderly people with high protein intake have a low risk of mild cognitive impairment. Although the beneficial roles of protein nutrition in maintaining brain function in aged people are well demonstrated, little is known about the mechanism by which dietary intake of protein affects memory and brain conditions. We fed aged mice a low protein diet (LPD) for 2 months, which caused behavioral abnormalities, and examined the nutritional effect of essential amino acid administration under LPD conditions. The passive avoidance test revealed that LPD mice demonstrated learning and memory impairment. Similarly, the LPD mice showed agitation and hyperactive behavior in the elevated plus maze test. Moreover, LPD mice exhibited decreased concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glycine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and aspartate in the brain. Interestingly, oral administration of seven essential amino acids (EAAs; valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, histidine, and tryptophan) to LPD mice, which can be a source of neurotransmitters, reversed those behavioral changes. The oral administration of EAAs restored the brain concentration of glutamate, which is involved in learning and memory ability and may be associated with the observed behavioral changes. Although the details of the link between decreased amino acid and neurotransmitter concentrations and behavioral abnormalities must be examined in future studies, these findings suggest the importance of dietary protein and essential amino acids for maintaining brain function.

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“…However, some cranial muscles, including the jaw-closers, are very different in fiber-type composition than other skeletal muscle groups (i.e., limbs or abdomen). For instance, the masseter muscle, which originates from the zygomatic arch, contains both type I and type II fibers, but shows a predominance of type I muscle fibers, which are more strongly affected by inactivity rather than aging [126,127]. Given that the meal texture of older people frequently becomes softer, less power of tongue movement and of masseter muscle is required, which may result in decreased activity of these muscles.…”

Section: Sarcopenia and Oral Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poor Oral Health as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia

et al. 2019

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Aging is accompanied by profound changes in many physiological functions, leading to a decreased ability to cope with stressors. Many changes are subtle, but can negatively affect nutrient intake, leading to overt malnutrition. Poor oral health may affect food selection and nutrient intake, leading to malnutrition and, consequently, to frailty and sarcopenia. On the other hand, it has been highlighted that sarcopenia is a whole-body process also affecting muscles dedicated to chewing and swallowing. Hence, muscle decline of these muscle groups may also have a negative impact on nutrient intake, increasing the risk for malnutrition. The interplay between oral diseases and malnutrition with frailty and sarcopenia may be explained through biological and environmental factors that are linked to the common burden of inflammation and oxidative stress. The presence of oral problems, alone or in combination with sarcopenia, may thus represent the biological substratum of the disabling cascade experienced by many frail individuals. A multimodal and multidisciplinary approach, including personalized dietary counselling and oral health care, may thus be helpful to better manage the complexity of older people. Furthermore, preventive strategies applied throughout the lifetime could help to preserve both oral and muscle function later in life. Here, we provide an overview on the relevance of poor oral health as a determinant of malnutrition and sarcopenia.

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Relationship of aging, skeletal muscle mass, and tooth loss with masseter muscle thickness

Cited by 63 publications

References 28 publications

Decreased mandibular cortical bone quality after botulinum toxin injections in masticatory muscles in female adults

Decreased mandibular cortical bone quality after botulinum toxin injections in masticatory muscles in female adults

Protein Deficiency-Induced Behavioral Abnormalities and Neurotransmitter Loss in Aged Mice Are Ameliorated by Essential Amino Acids

Poor Oral Health as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia

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