Relationship of Artificial Pod Removal to Soybean Yields

Smith, Ronald H.; Bass, Max H.

doi:10.1093/jee/65.2.606

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…In the case of cotton compensation occurs because flower production continues for a longer period of time than normal when bolls are removed or damaged (Adkisson et al, 1964). In soybeans, yields are not reduced because plants compensate for pod loss by increasing the weight of seeds in remaining pods (Smith and Bass, 1972). A similar reaction to that of soybeans has been noted in Zea mays following partial destruction of ear corn by redwinged blackbirds (Aeglaius phoeniceus L.) (Dyar, 1975).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Agricultural studies of the effects of herbivores on the growth, development, and reproduction of crop plants indicate that some species such as cotton and soybeans are able to respond to and compensate for the removal of flowers and immature fruits so that yields are either not affected or may even increase (Dale 1959;Smith and Bass, 1972;Thomas et al, 1974). In the case of cotton compensation occurs because flower production continues for a longer period of time than normal when bolls are removed or damaged (Adkisson et al, 1964).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compensatory reproduction in a biennial herb following insect defloration

Hendrix

1979

Oecologia

120

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The ability of the biennial herb, Pastinaca sativa L. (wild parsnip), to respond to and compensate for destruction of primary umbel seeds by the larvae of Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) was analyzed by comparing umbel and seed production of damaged and undamaged plants collected from five populations. Plants with a basal stem diameter smaller than 8 mm suffer a reduction in seed set of about 50% when the primary umbel is destroyed but larger plants are able to compensate for loss of primary umbel seeds by increased seed set of tertiary umbels. Depending on plant size, this is due to either an increase in the number of tertiary umbels that reach maturity or an increase in the number of seeds per tertiary umbel. Although seeds of tertiary umbels are significantly smaller than those of primary or secondary umbels, their viability is equivalent to that of secondary seeds and may be greater than that of primary seeds. Characteristics of P. sativa's reproduction, such as the long flowering period and the initiation of more umbels than the plant is normally able to bring to maturity, are important to P. sativa's ability to compensate for the effects of herbivore damage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compensatory reproduction in a biennial herb following insect defloration

Hendrix

1979

Oecologia

120

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“…However, this reproductive inhibition may be mitigated by increased seed viability within the few seed capsules that are produced. Does M. quinquenervia compensate for herbivory by increasing seed viability (Smith & Bass, 1972)? These data demonstrate that natural herbivory levels and frequencies tested herein do not influence seed number, embryony or viability (Table 3).…”

Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbivory alters resource allocation and compensation in the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia

Pratt

Rayamajhi

Van

et al. 2005

Ecological Entomology

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Abstract. 1. Plants may compensate for the effects of herbivory, especially under favourable growing conditions, limited competition, and minimal topdown regulation. These conditions characterise many disturbed wetlands dominated by introduced plants, implying that exotic, invasive weeds in these systems should exhibit strong compensatory responses.2. The Australian native Melaleuca quinquenervia is highly invasive in the Florida Everglades, U.S.A., where it experiences limited competition or herbivory from native species, making it a likely candidate for compensation. The introduced biological control agent Oxyops vitiosa feeds exclusively on the seasonal flushes of developing foliage at branch apices, which represents &15% of the total foliar biomass.3. The hypothesis that M. quinquenervia compensates for folivory by O. vitiosa was tested in a series of field-based experiments. Trees experiencing folivory over four consecutive years maintained similar levels of foliar biomass after attack yet possessed twice the number of leaf-bearing terminal stems as undamaged trees. The biomass of these stems was similar among attacked and unattacked trees, indicating that herbivore-damaged trees produce greater quantities of smaller terminal branches. However, undamaged trees were 36 times more likely to reproduce than herbivore-damaged trees.4. In a separate herbivore exclusion study, a single bout of herbivory on previously undamaged M. quinquenervia trees caused an 80% reduction in reproductive structures the following season. Herbivore-damaged trees also possessed 54% fewer fruits than undamaged trees. An increase in the herbivory frequency (two bouts per year) or magnitude (100% simulated herbivory) did not result in a further reduction in fitness.5. It has been concluded that M. quinquenervia partially compensates for herbivory by producing new stems and replacing foliage, but this compensation results in a substantial reduction in reproduction.

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“…For most species studied to date, defoliation close to flowering and fruit development has a greater effect than earlier leaf removal (e.g. Knight & Hollowell 1962;Smith & Bass 1972;Turnipseed 1972;Hare 1980;Islam & Crawley 1983;Maschinski & Whitham 1989;Obeso & Grubb 1994), suggesting that these species may rely more on current photosynthate than on stored carbohydrates. Betula pubescens (Haukioja et al 1990) is an exception and, like P. arieianum, is most sensitive to herbivory in advance of flower and fruit production.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐structural carbohydrate accumulation and use in an understorey rain‐forest shrub and relevance for the impact of leaf herbivory

1997

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Summary 1.Piper arieianum, an evergreen, understorey shrub of lowland moist forests of Central and South America, exhibits marked seasonal variation in reproductive activity even though climatic variation is low at the study site. Despite a lack of climatic seasonality, previous experimental leaf removal suggested that carbohydrate accumulation is seasonal, occurring prior to flowering. 2. We first tested the hypothesis that carbohydrates necessary for reproduction are accumulated prior to flowering, rather than during or after. By measuring nonstructural carbohydrate production in the form of glucose and starch we found that the concentration of these reserves is greatest 1-3 months before flowering, decreasing by 50% during peak fruit maturation. 3. The hypothesis that reproduction was the cause of this decrease in carbohydrate reserves was then tested by comparing reserves in plants that were prevented from flowering with those that flowered and produced fruit naturally. As predicted, reserves declined more in flowering than in non-flowering plants. A smaller decline in reserves of non-flowering plants was accompanied by greater stem and leaf production, suggesting that stored carbohydrates are also required for growth. 4. Because concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates were similar in roots, stems and leaves, and because the greatest amount of plant biomass is in stems for plants of a range of sizes, stems appear to be the main storage site of carbohydrate reserves in this plant species. 5. These results, together with previous studies, demonstrate that the impact of leaf herbivory on seed production in P. arieianum depends on the timing of that herbivory relative to the accumulation and use of non-structural carbohydrates.

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Relationship of Artificial Pod Removal to Soybean Yields

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Compensatory reproduction in a biennial herb following insect defloration

Compensatory reproduction in a biennial herb following insect defloration

Herbivory alters resource allocation and compensation in the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia

Non‐structural carbohydrate accumulation and use in an understorey rain‐forest shrub and relevance for the impact of leaf herbivory

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