Relationship of cerebrospinal fluid immune activation associated factors to HIV encephalitis

Cerebrospinal Fluid β Chemokine Concentrations in Neurocognitively Impaired Individuals Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

“…Two cross-sectional studies have correlated CSF HIV RNA levels with dementia [7,8]. Earlier studies correlated cognitive deficits with elevated levels of proviral DNA [40], b 2 microglobulin [38,41], quinolinic acid [42], and neopterin [43] in CSF. This study examined the relationships among three b chemokines in CSF and their relationship to other viral and immunologic correlates of cognitive impairment to assess their role in the pathogenesis of HIV dementia.…”

Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus, immune activation factors, and quinolinic acid in AIDS brains.

“…Indeed, increases in CNS QUIN levels and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase induction occur across a broad spectrum ofinflammatory neurologic disease and brain injury, independent of HIV infection, and the increases in CNS QUIN are correlated with markers of macrophage and immune activation (neopterin, 32-microglobulin, IgG and pleocytosis, if present) (23,28,35). While human post mortem studies of IDO are difficult because ofenzyme lability, the present results tend to show that QUIN levels are related to the severity of inflammatory responses within the CNS.…”

“…The concentrations of viral and immune activation factors in Equal aliquots of tissue homogenates from each region were used the CNS tissue extracts and previously reported CSF (23) (Fig. 1 a).…”

“…While significant intercorrelation between immune activation markers were found, no correlations were observed between these factors in the CSF and the severity of HIV encephalitis (23). Because the CSF may not reflect local CNS tissue concentrations of these factors, we extracted specific CNS regions (frontal cortex, cerebral white matter, and basal ganglia) and directly evaluated the concentrations of immune activation factors and HIV in relationship to the severity of HIV encephalitis.…”

Biomarkers of Encephalitis

“…Several studies showed that neopterin was elevated in the CSF of HIV-infected patients, particularly patients with HAD (Brew et al 1990;Fuchs et al 1989a;Sonnerborg et al 1989). However Wiley et al did not find a strong correlation between CSF neopterin and severity of encephalitis in autopsied patients with HIVE (Wiley et al 1992). A recent study by Hagberg at al.…”