Relationship of depression to diabetes types 1 and 2: epidemiology, biology, and treatment

Musselman, Dominique L.; Betan, Ephi J.; Larsen, Hannah; Phillips, Lawrence S.

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00569-9

Cited by 568 publications

(441 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…This finding is on a par with earlier ones based on clinical data sets showing that patients with depression exhibit IR. 2,3 It also agrees with earlier population-based study of subjects aged 61-63 years, which showed a positive correlation between IR and severity of depressive symptoms. 4 Our finding is also in line with those earlier ones that have shown an association between depression and type II diabetes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…1 Yet, the association between depression and insulin resistance (IR), representing an important fundamental metabolic defect in type II diabetes, is a poorly studied area. 2 However, despite numerous methodological limitations, earlier studies, which were mainly based on clinical data sets, have pointed to a positive association between IR and depression. 2,3 A corresponding positive association between IR and depressive symptoms was also reported in a populationbased study of subjects aged 61-63 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 However, despite numerous methodological limitations, earlier studies, which were mainly based on clinical data sets, have pointed to a positive association between IR and depression. 2,3 A corresponding positive association between IR and depressive symptoms was also reported in a populationbased study of subjects aged 61-63 years. 4 There are, however, studies that indicate that IR is not associated with depression and that IR may even protect against depression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depressive symptoms and insulin resistance in young adult males: results from the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort

et al. 2006

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The association between insulin resistance (IR) and depression is a subject of growing research interest, especially as previous population-based studies have presented conflicting findings. The present study extends our understanding about the putative impact of the severity of depressive symptoms on this association and it provides further epidemiological evidence in support of earlier findings, suggesting that the association between IR and depression is present already in young adult males. To determine the impact of the severity of depressive symptoms on the putative association between IR and depression in young adult males, we were given access to the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort database. During the 31-year follow-up survey of this genetically homogeneous birth cohort, IR was assessed by 'Qualitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index' (QUICKI), and severity of depressive symptoms by 'Hopkins' Symptom Checklist-25' (HSCL-25). This study involved 2609 male cohort members with complete variable information. In men, the means of the QUICKI-values decreased (i.e., IR increased) in line with the increased severity of depressive symptoms as assessed by HSCL-25 subgroups (analysis of covariance P-value for trend, P = 0.003). In multivariate generalized logistic regression analyses, after adjusting for confounders, IR was positively associated with current severe depressive symptoms, the odds ratio (OR) being over threefold (adjusted OR 3.15, 95% confidence interval 1.48-6.68) and the value of OR increased in parallel with a tighter definition of IR (P-value for trend = 0.007). The results indicate that in young males, a positive association exists specifically with severe depressive symptoms. Molecular Psychiatry (2006) 11, 929-933.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depressive symptoms and insulin resistance in young adult males: results from the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort

et al. 2006

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“…35,36 With respect to metabolic processes, both obesity and depression have been associated with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and diabetes. 37 As a result, associations between depression and body weight are not surprising. However, interpreting the specific mechanisms on the basis of the current neurobiological understanding remains speculative.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive symptoms during childhood and adult obesity: the Zurich Cohort Study

et al. 2005

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Depression and obesity have become major health problems with increasing prevalence. Given the limited effectiveness of treatment for weight problems, the identification of novel, potentially modifiable risk factors may provide insights on new preventive approaches to obesity. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that depressive symptoms during childhood are associated with weight gain and obesity during young adulthood. Participants were from a prospective community-based cohort study of young adults (N ¼ 591) followed between ages 19 and 40 years. The sample was stratified to increase the probability of somatic and psychological syndromes. Information was derived from six subsequent semistructured diagnostic interviews conducted by professionals over 20 years. The outcome measures were body mass index (BMI) and obesity (BMI430). Among women, depressive symptoms before age 17 years were associated with increased weight gain (4.8 vs 2.6% BMI increase per 10 years) representing greater risk for adult obesity (hazard ratio ¼ 11.52, Po0.05). Among men, only after controlling for confounders, depressive symptoms before age 17 years were associated with increased weight gain (6.6 vs 5.2% BMI increase per 10 years) in adulthood but not with occurrence of obesity. These associations between childhood depressive symptoms and adult body weight were adjusted for baseline body weight, a family history of weight problems, levels of physical activity, consumption of alcohol and nicotine, and demographic variables. As the magnitude of the associations was high, and depression during childhood is a prevalent and treatable condition, this finding may have important clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Whether the results of this study are limited to populations with elevated levels of psychopathology remains to be tested. Molecular Psychiatry (2005) 10, 842-850.

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“…Depression is often regarded as a comorbid condition that results from the daily burden of having diabetes and/or its complications. Interestingly, there are also indications that depression in turn is an independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes [4,5]. This is an observation that dates back to 1684, when the English physician Thomas Willis noted that emotional factors such as grief or sadness could bring on diabetes [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis

et al. 2006

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Aims/hypothesis: Evidence strongly suggests that depression and type 2 diabetes are associated, but the direction of the association is still unclear. Depression may occur as a consequence of having diabetes, but may also be a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes. This study examined the latter association by reviewing the literature and conducting a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on this topic. Methods: Medline and PsycInfo were searched for articles published up to January 2005. All studies that examined the relationship between depression and the onset of type 2 diabetes were included. Pooled relative risks were calculated using fixed and random effects models. To explore sources of heterogeneity between studies, subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses were performed. Results: Nine studies met our inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. The pooled relative risk was 1.26 (1.13-1.39) using the fixed effects model and 1.37(1.14-1.63) using the random effects model. Heterogeneity between studies could not be explained by (1) whether studies controlled for undetected diabetes at baseline; (2) the method of diabetes assessment at followup; (3) the baseline overall risk of diabetes in the study population; and (4) follow-up duration. Conclusions/ interpretation: Depressed adults have a 37% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unclear and warrant further research. A randomised controlled study is needed to test whether effective prevention or treatment of depression can reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes and its health consequences.

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Relationship of depression to diabetes types 1 and 2: epidemiology, biology, and treatment

Cited by 568 publications

References 109 publications

Depressive symptoms and insulin resistance in young adult males: results from the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort

Depressive symptoms and insulin resistance in young adult males: results from the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort

Depressive symptoms during childhood and adult obesity: the Zurich Cohort Study

Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis

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