Relationship of Ethnic Origin, Gender, and Age to Blood Creatine Kinase Levels

Neal, Ryan C.; Ferdinand, Keith C.; Ycas, J.; Miller, Elinor

doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.08.033

Cited by 104 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Figure 1 Median creatine kinase levels according to age, race, and sex. Reprinted with permission from Neal et al 16 Of these patients rechallenged with a statin, 92.2% remained on this treatment 12 months after the initial statin-related discontinuation. 17 The authors suggested that most patients with statin-related clinical events are able to tolerate statins long term and that many of these events may have other causes.…”

Section: Evidence Grading-quality Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 97%

“…The use of CK, a naturally elaborated muscle enzyme for the diagnosis of muscle injury, is complicated by different racial normative levels ( Fig. 1), 16 differences in individuals who exercise intermittently vs regularly, and by the type of exercise (resistance vs endurance training) and the duration and intensity of the exercise.…”

Section: Evidence Grading-quality Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

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An assessment by the Statin Muscle Safety Task Force: 2014 update

Rosenson

Baker

Jacobson

et al. 2014

Journal of Clinical Lipidology

414

268

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The National Lipid Association's Muscle Safety Expert Panel was charged with the duty of examining the definitions for statin-associated muscle adverse events, development of a clinical index to assess myalgia, and the use of diagnostic neuromuscular studies to investigate muscle adverse events. We provide guidance as to when a patient should be considered for referral to neuromuscular specialists and indications for the performance of a skeletal muscle biopsy. Based on this review of evidence, we developed an algorithm for the evaluation and treatment of patients who may be intolerant to statins as the result of adverse muscle events. The panel was composed of clinical cardiologists, clinical lipidologists, an exercise physiologist, and a neuromuscular specialist.

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Section: Evidence Grading-quality Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Evidence Grading-quality Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment by the Statin Muscle Safety Task Force: 2014 update

Rosenson

Baker

Jacobson

et al. 2014

Journal of Clinical Lipidology

414

268

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Patients experiencing SAME may require drug discontinuation; however, a vast majority of patients can tolerate another statin or an alternate dosing strategy [17,[50][51][52]. Strategies for re-challenging geriatric patients include decreasing the dose, switching agents, and utilizing extended interval dosing (e.g.…”

Section: Statin-associated Muscle Effectsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Current Drug Treatment of Hyperlipidemia in Older Adults

2015

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Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of death, especially in older adults. Managing modifiable risk factors (e.g., hyperlipidemia, hypertension) remains the primary approach to prevent ASCVD events and ASCVD-related mortality. Statins are generally considered one of the most effective approaches to reduce ASCVD risk, especially for secondary prevention, yet remain underutilized in older adults. The evidence to support statin therapy in older adults is less robust than in their younger counterparts, especially in individuals aged 75 years and older. Recent lipid guidelines have raised this concern, yet statin therapy is recommended in 'at risk' older adults. Determining which older adults should receive statin therapy for primary prevention of ASCVD is challenging, as the currently available risk estimation tools are of limited use in those aged over 75 years. Furthermore, non-statin therapies have been de-emphasized in recent clinical practice guidelines and remain understudied in the older adult population. This is unfortunate given that older adults are less likely to tolerate moderate- to high-intensity statins. Non-statin therapies could be viable options in this population if more was understood about their ability to lower ASCVD risk and safety profiles. Nevertheless, lipid-lowering agents remain an integral component of the overall strategy to reduce atherogenic burden in older adults. Future research in this area should aim to enroll more older adults in clinical trials, determine the utility of ASCVD risk estimation for primary prevention, and investigate the role of non-statin therapies in this population.

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“…83 In addition, observational studies have shown that African Americans have higher and often elevated baseline CK levels compared with other ethnic groups. 84 The clinical significance of this is unclear, and a threshold for the safety of statin therapy has not been identified. Box 6 summarizes monitoring for muscle and CK side effects.…”

Section: Statinmentioning

confidence: 98%

Lipid Management in Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Myerson¹

2015

Cardiology Clinics

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Relationship of Ethnic Origin, Gender, and Age to Blood Creatine Kinase Levels

Cited by 104 publications

References 21 publications

An assessment by the Statin Muscle Safety Task Force: 2014 update

An assessment by the Statin Muscle Safety Task Force: 2014 update

Current Drug Treatment of Hyperlipidemia in Older Adults

Lipid Management in Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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