Relationship of Homocysteine With Gender, Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, Hemoglobin A1c, and the Duration of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Abstract

Introduction Increased levels of homocysteine (Hcy) may lead to endothelial damage and increase the risk of cardiovascular and renal malfunction. The current study aimed to evaluate the association of serum Hcy levels with gender, body mass index (BMI), duration of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and blood pressure (BP). Methodology A prospective observational study was conducted at Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar, Pakistan in the department of endocrinology from June 2020 to June 2021. All patients with diagnosed DMT2 above the age of 18 years were included in the study. Individuals with unconfirmed diagnoses with ages over 75 years were excluded from the study. All data including the patient's age, gender, and medical history were recorded. Height and weight were used to calculate the BMI. BP was examined thrice and a mean value was recorded for each patient. For laboratory investigation, a vial of 3 ml blood was extracted keeping sterile and aseptic conditions by a trained nurse. The sample was sent for the determination of HbA1c and serum Hcy levels. Measurement of serum Hcy was done by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. All data were documented by the researchers on a predefined pro forma. Results A total of 188 patients with DMT2 were included in the study with a mean age ± SD of 54.65 ± 8.42 years. Normal (<15 micromoles per liter [mcmol/l]) serum Hcy levels were reported in 75 (39.89%) individuals, while in 47 (41.59%) individuals, there was severe (>100 mcmol/l) hyperhomocysteinemia. More than half of the patients, i.e. 157 (83.52%), had HbA1c of greater than 7%, which indicated poor glycemic control. The study revealed that the majority of the female patients, i.e. 37 (78.72%), had severe hyperhomocysteinemia (p<0.0001). Similarly, there was a direct correlation between HbA1c levels and serum Hcy. Severe hyperhomocysteinemia was found in over 80% of the patients with poor glycemic control, i.e. HbA1c >7% (p<0.0001). Furthermore, the duration of DMT2 and hypertension were both significantly associated with increased levels of Hcy with p-values of <0.0001 and <0.0001, respectively. However, no association was found between hyperhomocysteinemia and BMI. Conclusion The study revealed that increased levels of serum Hcy were associated with female gender, poor glycemic control (HbA1c >7%), BP, and duration of DMT2. However, the study failed to find an association between serum Hcy and BMI. It is recommended that patients with poor glycemic control or those with the duration of DMT2 of more than five years must be regularly checked for hyperhomocysteinemia and renal function tests. Large-scale and multi-center studies are required in order to determine the validity of these findings. The current study suggests that patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension are likely to have increased levels of Hcy and, therefore, must be regularly screened for hyperhomocysteinemia.

The Correlations Between Serum Hcy Level and Seizures and Cognitive Function in Patients After Stroke

“… 61 Noor et al also found that patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension are likely to have increased levels of Hcy and, therefore, must be regularly screened for hyperhomocysteinemia. 62 The higher levels of serum homocysteine and lower levels of serum betaine are associated with an increased risk of microangiopathy in patients with diabetes. 63 For type 1 diabetes, fasting plasma total homocysteine concentrations were within normal limits in children and adolescents who were without any clinical evidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications.…”

Relación entre sobrepeso y obesidad con la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes del Centro Médico Naval en México

“…En el enfoque clínico se detecta la obesidad mediante el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), que se calcula dividiendo el peso en kilogramos entre la estatura en metros cuadrados. Un IMC alto (≥25 Kg/m 2 ) podría estar relacionado de forma directa o indirecta con la progresión de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC), sin embargo, hasta el momento la literatura médica aún no tiene las bases suficientes para constatar esta relación [4][5][6] . Los individuos obesos desarrollan una hiperfiltración glomerular (glomerulopatía) en respuesta a una compensación metabólica secundaria, producto de su aumento de peso 2 .…”