Relationship of Physical Examination Test of Shoulder Instability to Arthroscopic Findings in Dogs

Abstract

Clinicians should understand that a diagnostic test performs inconsistently based on prevalence of a condition in a given patient population. The use of likelihood ratios can assist clinicians in determining the probability of intraarticular changes from a group with a differing prevalence than the patient population presented.

Feasibility and safety of arthroscopic medial glenohumeral ligament and subscapularis tendon repair with knotless anchors: A cadaveric study in dogs

“…A lateral arthroscopic por was created distal and caudal to the acromion. A craniomedial port 30 was established between the biceps tendon cranially and the subscapularis tendon caudally by using an outside-inside technique with the percutaneous kit for 2.9-mm PushLock and port dilators (Arthrex, Naples, Florida). Flexible twist-in cannulas (Arthrex) of different sizes were used in the craniomedial port to facilitate suture management.…”

Measurement of Shoulder Abduction Angles in Dogs: An Ex Vivo Study of Accuracy and Repeatability

“…Shoulder instability is a well-recognized condition in veterinary medicine and is reported to be one of the most common causes of forelimb lameness in the dog. [1][2][3] Instability can occur in all directions with medial shoulder instability being the most common type of instability reported. 1,4,5 Owing to its anatomical conformation, the shoulder joint is heavily reliant on capsuloligamentous and musculotendinous support; the primary stabilizers of the joint medially being the medial glenohumeral ligament, the subscapularis muscle and the joint capsule.…”

Arthroscopically Assisted Treatment of Injury to the Lateral Glenohumeral Ligament in Dogs

“…Diagnosis of LGHL injury was made by orthopedic and clinical assessment, radiography, and ultrasonographic examination to rule out injury to the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, or biceps tendon in all dogs except dog 7. Arthroscopic diagnoses were made using a 2.4 or 2.7 mm, 30° fore oblique arthroscope with direct observation, palpation of the LGHL using a hanging limb technique after complete assessment, and documentation of the shoulder using a compartment protocol through a craniolateral portal initially then viewing the lateral aspect of the shoulder from a craniomedial portal with a small degree of adduction applied to the limb as described by Devitt et al…”

“…Dogs were positioned in dorsal recumbency with the affected limb suspended and a small degree of adduction applied to open the lateral joint space as performed for diagnostic arthroscopy. Standard lateral and craniomedial portals were created. An instrument cannula (3.7 or 4.3 mm cannula, Arthrex, Naples, FL or Dr. Fritz 3.5 mm cannula, Tuttlingen, Germany) was inserted in the lateral portal to preserve its integrity and to aid instrument passage.…”