Relationship of racial stressors to blood pressure responses and anger expression in Black college students.

Armstead, Cheryl A.; Lawler, Kathleen A.; Gorden, Gloria; Cross, John F.; Gibbons, Judith L.

doi:10.1037//0278-6133.8.5.541

Cited by 68 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Whereas one perspective emphasizes the potential for Black Americans to "internalize" or adopt the pro-White attitudes prevalent in the dominant society, another perspective suggests that polarization or backlash can occur in the form of reduced pro-White attitudes. This is an important research question because these attitudes may be a mechanism through which regional bias "gets under the skin," with internalization of pro-White views potentially being associated with poorer mental health (Gale et al, 2020;Graham et al, 2016;Hughes et al, 2015) and polarization being associated with greater anger, cardiovascular engagement, and related health sequelae (Armstead et al, 1989;Assari, 2017;Zilioli et al, 2017). Both possibilities also have important implications for race relations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, Whites' county-level bias may lead to mortality in part via Black negativity toward Whites. Anger, hostility, and mistrust, known precursors of cardiovascular disease, are likely byproducts of this process(Armstead et al, 1989;Assari, 2017;Zilioli et al, 2017). Little research has linked regional attitudes to Black Americans' mental health(Reid & Earnshaw, 2023).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Internalization or Polarization: Community-Level Associations of Shifts in White Americans’ Attitudes with Black Americans’ Attitudes

Kellogg,

Laws,

Dasgupta

et al. 2024

Preprint

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We used over 1.4 million Project Implicit responses between 2008 and 2019 to examine whether living in communities where White Americans hold more negative attitudes toward Black individuals predicts internalization versus polarization among Black Americans (i.e., higher versus lower preference for White relative to Black individuals). We constructed two-year estimates of White and Black county-level implicit (automatic) and explicit (conscious, self-reported) preference for White relative to Black individuals. Results from multilevel autoregressive models were consistent with polarization. In a given county, when White residents’ implicit or explicit preference for Whites increased at one wave, Black residents’ implicit and explicit preference for Whites generally decreased at the subsequent wave. Indicators of structural racism inconsistently predicted outcomes, but negative associations between White and Black residents’ relative preference for Whites were robust to inclusion of indicators of structural racism. These results have important implications for Black Americans’ health and intergroup relations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Internalization or Polarization: Community-Level Associations of Shifts in White Americans’ Attitudes with Black Americans’ Attitudes

Kellogg,

Laws,

Dasgupta

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Perceived experiences of racism as stressful life events

Thompson

1996

Community Ment Health J

167

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The impact of racism on African American personality, behavior, and health has been debated in the psychological literature. There has been little research however, on racism as a stressful life event. The goal of this study was to learn whether perceived racism produces symptoms of subjective distress noted in relationship to other stressful life events. In addition, this study sought to find whether racial identification mediated the psychological impact of perceived experiences of racism. Two hundred African American adults were surveyed. Participants completed a 30 item racial identification measure, a questionnaire that requested information on the experience of racism, and the impact of Events scale. The results showed that one third of the participants reported a perceived experience of racism within six months of the interview. Mean scores for intrusion symptoms were higher as the seriousness of the reported event increased. While participants reported avoidance symptoms, there were no differences based on the seriousness of the racial incident. Racial identification did not mediate the impact of the experience of racism.

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Theories for Race and Gender Differences in Management of Social Identity-Related Stressors: a Systematic Review

Bey

Ulbricht

Person

2018

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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Sociodemographic group-specific strategies for stress management may contribute to racial and gender disparities in health outcomes in the USA. We aimed to systematically review theoretical and empirical investigations of factors influencing variation in response to and management of identity-related stress among black and white Americans. OvidPsychInfo and PubMed databases were searched to identify eligible studies. Criteria were participant age of ≥ 18 years, conducted in the US sampling black or white participants, and published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. The final sample included 167 articles. Theories suggesting social status inequities as the primary contributor to disparate strategies employed by black and white women and men to manage social identity-related stress were most frequently tested and supported. Studies disproportionally focused on how women and black persons cope as targets of prejudice and discrimination rather than on how management strategies of men or white persons are affected as perpetrators. Finally, there was theoretical support for an interactive effect of race and gender on stress management, but empirical evidence was lacking, particularly among black men, white women, and white men. The literature could be strengthened through the use of prospective cohorts and nationally representative samples, as well as study designs accounting for potential within-race and within-gender variation in the effects of social identity-related stressors on coping. With greater consistency in methodology, future empirical studies may yield additional information regarding group differences in stress management pertinent to clarifying mechanisms for the health consequences of exposure to social inequity among black and white women and men.

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Relationship of racial stressors to blood pressure responses and anger expression in Black college students.

Cited by 68 publications

References 21 publications

Internalization or Polarization: Community-Level Associations of Shifts in White Americans’ Attitudes with Black Americans’ Attitudes

Internalization or Polarization: Community-Level Associations of Shifts in White Americans’ Attitudes with Black Americans’ Attitudes

Perceived experiences of racism as stressful life events

Theories for Race and Gender Differences in Management of Social Identity-Related Stressors: a Systematic Review

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