Relationship of Salivary Cortisol Level With Severe Depression and Family History

Abstract

Salivary cortisol level is considered a prominent depression biomarker, as saliva induces less stress as compared to blood. The study was performed in the physiology department, Sheikh Zayed Medical Institute Lahore from April 2015 to December 2015. Sixty participants, including 14 (46.67%) males and 16 (53.33%) females, in each non-depressive and depressive group of over 17 years of age, were undertaken. The depression diagnostics were performed both outdoors and in clinics and confirmed with the standards of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and Beck’s Inventory. Saliva specimens were collected and processed for enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), and absorbance was calculated on a microtiter plate reader. The statistics with the Statistical Package for the Social Packages (SPSS) 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) show that patients of the non-depressive category exhibited mean ages 35.73±6.89 years and 39.10±6.89 years in the depressive group (p-value: 0.178). The mean cortisol level was 1.46±0.91 ng/ml among non-depressive and 2.23±1.69 in depressive patients (p-value: 0.031). The mean depression score among non-depressive was 5.73±4.05 and 52.03±5.08 while there was no statistical difference in the mean height and weight of subjects in normal and depressive patients (p-value: 0.0001). Meanwhile, the mean cortisol level was 1.46±0.91 ng/ml among non-depressive patients, while it was 2.23±1.69 in the depressive group, with no statistical difference in mean ages (p-value: 0.031). These findings proved the cortisol level directly linked with severe depression and useful for depression diagnostics and management.

Partiality of the General Population Towards Abortion and the Awareness Regarding it: A Cross Sectional Study

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Effect of Brief Dog-Assisted Interventions on Stress Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

“…Group therapy was excluded. Only articles containing at least one objective biomarker measure commonly associated with stress were included, such as changes in hormone or protein levels, blood pressure, galvanic skin response, heart rate, electro-physiological signals, and neural activity (Bagheri & Power, 2020; Gordon & Mendes, 2021; Hek et al, 2013; Khan, 2020; Satti et al, 2021; Taelman et al, 2009). There were no restrictions on the population.…”

Gender Differences in Cortisol and Cortisol Receptors in Depression: A Narrative Review

“…Recent clinical studies in the PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE/Ovid were referenced to examine potential gender differences in cortisol expression. The majority of the studies conducted on salivary samples ( Table 1 ) in the past 10 years discovered no significant correlation between cortisol levels and depression symptoms between gender [ 8 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. However, studies conducted specifically on younger subjects found that cortisol reactivity was higher in male children, particularly during a state of depression [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”