Relationship of Sodium Intake with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

Fang, Kehong; He, Yao; Fang, Yuehui; Lian, Yiyao

doi:10.3390/ijerph18094551

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…On top of this, 524 children (aged 6-17 years) in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study in Germany also reported a significant inverse relationship with fat mass and urinary pH [27]. Concerning the elevated NaCl intake in obese/overweight children observed in our study, this is in line with a number of previous studies showing that NaCl intake is higher in obese and overweight adults as well as children [28][29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Analysis of spot urine biomarkers and association with body weight in Japanese elementary schoolchildren

et al. 2022

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Childhood obesity is rapidly increasing worldwide and is largely the consequence of adoption of unhealthy diets excessive in calories and salt (NaCl) as well as devoid in pivotal micronutrients such as potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg). Education-based programs aiming to encourage healthy food knowledge and behaviors are crucial at a young age, and for this purpose, convenient ways to assess daily dietary intake are warranted. We therefore attempted to evaluate the dietary intake of Okinawan schoolchildren in Japan by analyzing a series of biomarkers in morning spot urine samples and explore whether these biomarkers correlate with body weight and a series of metabolic parameters. We enrolled 98 third-grade elementary schoolchildren in Okinawa, Japan. Morning spot urine samples were collected and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to assess dietary intake. We found that estimated daily NaCl intake was higher in obese/overweight children as compared to healthy-weight children (p = 0.0001). There was also a significant positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and NaCl intake (Spearman) (ρ = 0.45, p < 0.0001) and a negative correlation between BMI and Mg/Cr (ρ = −0.27, p = 0.01). Furthermore, Na/K ratio was higher in samples collected on Monday (weekend) as compared to samples collected on Thursday or Friday (weekday) (p < 0.0001).Conclusion: Via the use of morning spot urine analyses, our results show that NaCl intake was associated with obesity, and Mg excretion negatively correlated with BMI in Japanese schoolchildren, highlighting the potential role of these micronutrients in maintaining a healthy body weight. What is Known:•Overweight and obesity are largely due to excessive consumption of calories and positively correlated with salt (NaCl) intake.•Spot urine methods are convenient for assessing the nutritional needs and targeting prevention programs in children. What is New:•Utilizing morning spot urine analyses, estimated NaCl intake is positively correlated and Mg/Cr negatively correlated with BMI in Okinawan schoolchildren.•As estimated via morning spot urine samples, a greater proportion of children likely exceeds the recommended NaCl intake on the weekend as compared to weekday.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Analysis of spot urine biomarkers and association with body weight in Japanese elementary schoolchildren

et al. 2022

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“…On top of this, 524 children (aged 6-17 years) in the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study in Germany also reported a signi cant inverse relationship with fat mass and urinary pH [27]. Concerning the elevated NaCl intake in obese/overweight children observed in our study, this is in line with a number of previous studies showing that NaCl intake is higher in obese and overweight adults as well as children [28][29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Analysis of spot urine biomarkers and association with body weight in Japanese elementary school children

Takemoto

Millman

Yamakawa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Purpose Childhood obesity is rapidly increasing world-wide and is largely the consequence of adoption of unhealthy diets excessive in calories and salt (NaCl) as well as devoid in pivotal micronutrients such as potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg). Education-based programs aiming to encourage healthy food knowledge and behaviors are crucial at a young age, and for this purpose, convenient ways to assess daily dietary intake are warranted. We therefore attempted to evaluate the dietary intake of Okinawan school children in Japan by analyzing a series of biomarkers in morning spot urine samples and explore whether these biomarkers correlate with body weight and a series of metabolic parameters. Methods We enrolled 98 third-grade elementary school children in Okinawa, Japan. Morning spot urine samples were collected and analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to assess dietary intake. Results We found that estimated daily NaCl intake was higher in obese/overweight children as compared to healthy-weight children (p = 0.0001). There was also a significant positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and NaCl intake (Spearman) (ρ = 0.45, p < 0.0001) and a negative correlation between BMI and Mg/Cr (ρ=-0.27, p = 0.01). Furthermore, Na/K ratio was higher in samples collected on Monday (weekend) as compared to samples collected on Thursday or Friday (weekday) (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Via the use of morning spot urine analyses, our results show that NaCl intake was associated with obesity, and Mg excretion negatively correlated with BMI in Japanese school children, highlighting the potential role of these micronutrients in maintaining a healthy body weight.

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“…The results of the study are consistent with the study conducted by Sitorus (2020) in which a positive correlation occurred between sweet foods and beverages and nutritional status with a pvalue of 0.000 (p < 0.05). The study conducted by Fang et al (2021) also indicated that a higher intake of salty foods positively correlated with overweight/obesity on children and adolescents in China. A study on students in Seoul conducted by Huh et al (2017) also indicated a correlation between the frequency of consuming sweets and sugar candies (cakes/cookies/pies/candies/chocolates), high-fat foods, processed foods (fresh bacon/beef ribs/grilled meat/tripe/ham/sausage) with a risk factor of cardiometabolic.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

The Correlation Between Consuming High-Risk Foods and Sedentary Activities with Nutritional Status at SMAN 1 Uluan of Toba Regency in 2021

Simanjuntak

Halim

2022

IJHET

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Currently, Indonesian adolescents are facing three nutritional issues (triple burden of malnutrition), namely malnutrition, overweight, and micronutrient deficiencies with anaemia. This study was aimed to discover the correlation between consuming high-risk foods and sedentary activities with nutritional status at SMAN 1 Uluan of Toba Regency. A correlational study with cross-sectional design was the method used in the study. This study took 61 students of XI class as the sample selected through proportional stratified random sampling technique. The data were analysed through the Chi-Square Statistical Test. The study results indicated that the high-risk foods which were categorized as frequently consumed encompassed high-fat/high-cholesterol/fried foods (50.8%), grilled foods (55.7%), processed foods with preservatives (55.7%), flavour-enhanced foods (57.4%), soft drinks (54.1%), energy drinks (55.77%), and instant foods (63.9%). While the foods that were categorized as rarely consumed encompassed sweet foods and beverages (50.8%) and salty foods (50.8%). On the sedentary activity variable, the majority of respondents conducted sedentary activities with high intensity (>5 hours/day) (47.5%), while the nutritional status variable showed overnutrition (32.8%). According to the results of statistical test, a significant correlation between consuming high-risk foods (sweet foods and beverages (p = 0.000), salty foods (p = 0.003), high-fat/high-cholesterol/fried foods (p = 0.000), grilled foods (p = 0.004), processed foods with preservatives (p = 0.003), flavour-enhanced foods (p = 0.002), soft drinks (p = 0.003), energy drinks (p = 0.042), and instant foods (p = 0.007)) and sedentary activities (p = 0.000) with nutritional status. Good and healthy consumption patterns in addition to proper physical activities/exercises are expected.

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Relationship of Sodium Intake with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

Analysis of spot urine biomarkers and association with body weight in Japanese elementary schoolchildren

Analysis of spot urine biomarkers and association with body weight in Japanese elementary schoolchildren

Analysis of spot urine biomarkers and association with body weight in Japanese elementary school children

The Correlation Between Consuming High-Risk Foods and Sedentary Activities with Nutritional Status at SMAN 1 Uluan of Toba Regency in 2021

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