“…Perhaps not surprisingly, virtue ethicists question the meaningfulness of empirically driven approaches (Fowers, 2008). Other self-instruments such as the Virtuous Leadership Scale (VLS; Sarros et al, 2006) focus on a single virtue only, as do many of the options for obtaining subordinatebased evaluations; for example, moral courage (Hannah and Avolio, 2010), professional moral courage (Palanski and Vogelgesang, 2011), behavioral integrity (Prottas, 2013) or benevolence (Wu and Tsai, 2012). Finally, the 34-item Virtue Ethical Character Scale (VECS; cf.…”