Relationships among tracer ages

Abstract

[1] Measurements of chemical tracers whose spatial gradients are primarily due to the time dependence of sources and/or sinks are often used to define ''tracer ages'' in an effort to diagnose transport. However, a major problem with interpreting these tracer ages is that different tracers can yield different ages, and at present, it is not clear what aspects of the transport are measured by the different tracers. We use the concept of a distribution of transit times to compare the timescales derived from different tracers, including CFCs, tritium-helium, and radioactive tracers. By performing a systematic study over a range of transit time distributions we examine under what conditions two tracers yield similar or different ages. It is shown that there can be significant differences in tracer ages and that in general, tracer ages are not fundamental timescales of the flow. Furthermore, even if ages from two tracers are similar these ages can be very different from the mean (ideal) age or the age of a third tracer. It is also shown that significant temporal variations in tracer ages can occur for steady transport and that these changes are of similar magnitude to the changes in CFC and tritium-helium ages observed in the North Atlantic and North Pacific over the 1980s and 1990s. Accounting for the changes in tracer ages caused by steady transport is necessary before attributing changes in tracer ages to changes in transport. The possibility of using the differences in ages from different tracers to infer information about the transit time distribution is also examined. It is shown that two tracer ages can constrain the first two moments (mean age and width) of the distribution, but how tightly these are constrained depends on the tracers used, the certainty of the age calculations, and the flow characteristics.

Nordic seas transit time distributions and anthropogenic CO2

“…[14] Waugh et al [2003] evaluated the ability of several tracer pairs to constrain D/G, illustrated in their Figure 8. It is evident from their Figure 8 that CFC-12 and a radioactive tracer with a decay rate similar to the atmospheric CO 2 growth rate is one of the more suitable pairs.…”

Boundary impulse response functions in a century-long eddying global ocean simulation

“…These differences can be understood through the conceptual framework of Transit Time Distributions (TTDs) (also called "age spectra" and "transit time probability density functions" [10,26]). The TTD is a probability distribution of age, which explicitly accounts for the fact that a water mass is comprised of a mixture of components with different ages, each with different advective and diffusive histories.…”

Evolution of anthropogenic Pb and Pb isotopes in the deep North Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean

“…Doney et al, 1997;Fine et al, 2002), but the estimated tracer ages often vary with different tracers. Recent studies on tracer transport have pointed out that in the ocean, where advective-diffusive mixing is prevalent, water masses in the ocean interior have a continuous distribution of transit times since its last contact with a surface, rather than a single transit time (Haine and Hall, 2002;Holzer and Hall, 2000;Waugh et al, 2003). They have shown that tracer ages are differently weighted averages over the transit times that vary from tracer to tracer (Holzer and Hall, 2000;Khatiwala et al, 2001; Wunsch and Heimbach, 2008), and do not represent the age distribution of the water mass.…”