Relationships Between Blood Mg2+ and Energy Metabolites/Enzymes After Acute Exhaustive Swimming Exercise in Rats

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) plays a central role in neuronal activity, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular transmission, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, and blood pressure, all of which are significantly related to physical performance. To date, the available data about detection of blood total Mg (tMg; free-ionized, protein-bound, and anion-complex forms) are inconsistent, and there is limited information on blood free-ionized Mg (Mg(2+)) in relation to physical exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical changes related to energy metabolism after acute exhaustive swimming exercise (AESE) in rats in an attempt to correlate the role of blood Mg(2+) with metabolites/enzymes related to energy production. After AESE, blood Mg(2+), tMg, K(+), partial pressure of carbon dioxide, lactate, total protein (T-PRO), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatinine kinase (CK) were significantly increased, whereas pH, partial pressure of oxygen, oxygen saturation, the Mg(2+)/tMg and Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ratios, HCO3 (-), glucose, triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly decreased. During AESE, lactate, T-PRO, albumin, AST, ALP, LDH, CK, CRE, BUN, and UA showed significant positive correlations with changes in blood Mg(2+), while glucose, TG, and LDL correlated to Mg(2+) in a negative manner. In conclusion, AESE induced increases in both blood Mg(2+) and tMg, accompanied by changes in blood metabolites and enzymes related to energy metabolism due to increased metabolic demands and mechanical damages.

Antidiabetic Effects of Yam (Dioscorea batatas) and Its Active Constituent, Allantoin, in a Rat Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

“…Also as expected, the serum CRE, BUN, and UA levels were significantly increased in diabetic rats as a consequence of renal failure, extracellular dehydration, and protein catabolism, respectively [ 1 , 17 ]. In contrast, the treated groups exhibited significantly reduced levels of these indicators, suggesting that allation, yam powder, and its aqueous extract can all improve renal function, prevent extracellular dehydration, and avoid protein catabolism.…”

“…As with other symptoms, all the treatments reduced these effects, indicating that they promote the proper utilization of glucose thereby ameliorating ketosis. The increased blood Osm in the diabetic group may result from the elevated blood glucose and BUN levels [ 17 , 32 ]. Alternatively, it may result from insulin deficiency [ 32 ].…”

“…A Nova Stat Profile ® pHOx ® Ultra analyzer (NOVA Biomedical Corp., Waltham, MA, USA) was used to measure the levels of lactate, pH, HCO 3 − , hemoglobin, hematocrit, ionized magnesium (Mg 2+ ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), potassium (K + ), and chloride (Cl − ) in freshly collected whole blood. As previously described [ 17 ], the anion gap values were calculated by the formula, (Na + − (Cl − + HCO 3 − )).…”

“…The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase (CK), albumin, total cholesterol (TC), total protein (TP), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA) were analyzed using a Model 7020 auto analyzer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Osmolality (Osm) values were calculated by the formula, (1.86 × Na + + (Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8) + 9) as previously described [ 17 ].…”

An accidental fatal attack on domestic pigeons by honey bees in Bangladesh

“…rhabdomyolysis produced by toxins from venom). When these cells are damaged, the cytosolic enzymes, including ALT, AST, LDH and CK, leak out into the circulating blood and exceed normal values [ 15 ]. Other studies have shown that, within a few hr of bee envenomation, serum ALT, AST and CK levels are significantly elevated in horses [ 11 ] and mice [ 14 ], indicating acute liver injury.…”