Relationships between Cardiac Dimensions, Anthropometric Characteristics and Maximal Aerobic Power (V̇O<sub>2</sub>max) in Young Men

Osborne, Gwendolyn; La, Wolfe; Gw, Burggraf; Norman, Rosemary

doi:10.1055/s-2007-1021257

Cited by 41 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Since glucose uptake by PET is determined per volume of the heart muscle, reduced glucose uptake may reflect decreased need of energy per the volume of heart muscle. The left ventricular mass was substantially increased in the athletes as previously described (51,52), and it was increased in proportion to the physical fitness. Due to differences in heart size, total myocardial glucose uptake was similar in the two groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Different alterations in the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the athlete's heart and skeletal muscle.

Nuutila¹,

Knuuti²,

Heinonen³

et al. 1994

J. Clin. Invest.

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Physical training increases skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Since training also causes functional and structural changes in the myocardium, we compared glucose uptake rates in the heart and skeletal muscles of trained and untrained individuals. Seven male endurance athletes (VO2max 72±2 ml/kg/min) and seven sedentary subjects matched for characteristics other than VO2max (43±2 ml/kg/min) were studied. Whole body glucose uptake was determined with a 2-h euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, and regional glucose uptake in femoral and arm muscles, and myocardium using "F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose and positron emission tomography. Glucose uptake in the athletes was increased by 68% in whole body (P < 0.0001), by 99% in the femoral muscles (P < 0.01), and by 62% in arm muscles (P = 0.06), but it was decreased by 33% in the heart muscle (P < 0.05) as compared with the sedentary subjects. The total glucose uptake rate in the heart was similar in the athletes and control subjects. Left ventricular mass in the athletes was 79% greater (P < 0.001) and the meridional wall stress smaller (P < 0.001 ) as estimated by echocardiography. VO2max correlated directly with left ventricular mass (r = 0.87, P < 0.001) and inversely with left ventricular wall stress (r = -0.86, P < 0.001). Myocardial glucose uptake correlated directly with the rate-pressure product (r = 0.75, P < 0.02) and inversely with left ventricular mass (r = -0.60, P < 0.05) or with the whole body glucose disposal (r = -0.68, P < 0.01). Thus, in athletes, (a) insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is enhanced in the whole body and skeletal muscles, (b) whereas myocardial glucose uptake per muscle mass is reduced possibly due to decreased wall stress and energy requirements or the use of alternative fuels, or both. (J. Clin. Invest. 1994Invest. . 2267Invest. -2274

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Different alterations in the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the athlete's heart and skeletal muscle.

Nuutila¹,

Knuuti²,

Heinonen³

et al. 1994

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Postmortem examination of superlative athletes, both equine and human, have revealed substantially larger hearts than would have been predicted from lean body mass (20). The Fick principle and the dependence of cardiac output and thence O 2 uptake (V O 2 ) on stroke volume suggest that a relationship between relative heart size and athletic performance is likely (20), particularly as success in endurance competitions is inextricably linked to the ability of an individual to support a high V O 2 over prolonged periods (1,2,16). Nevertheless, despite a body of evidence supporting the concept that heart size and athletic performance are related, this hypothesis has not yet satisfactorily been proven in a population of athletes with a wide range of abilities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance

Young¹,

Rogers²,

Wood³

2005

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Cardiac morphology in human athletes is known to differ, depending on the sports-specific endurance component of their events, whereas anecdotes abound about superlative athletes with large hearts. As the heart determines stroke volume and maximum O2 uptake in mammals, we undertook a study to test the hypothesis that the morphology of the equine heart would differ between trained horses, depending on race type, and that left ventricular size would be greatest in elite performers. Echocardiography was performed in 482 race-fit Thoroughbreds engaged in either flat (1,000 -2,500 m) or jump racing (3,200 -6,400 m). Body weight and sex-adjusted measures of left ventricular size were largest in horses engaged in jump racing over fixed fences, compared with horses running shorter distances on the flat (range 8 -16%). The observed differences in cardiac morphologies suggest that subtle differences in training and competition result in cardiac adaptations that are appropriate to the endurance component of the horses' event. Derived left ventricular mass was strongly associated with published rating (quality) in horses racing over longer distances in jump races (P Յ 0.001), but less so for horses in flat races. Rather, left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular mass combined were positively associated with race rating in older flat racehorses running over sprint (Ͻ1,408 m) and longer distances (Ͼ1,408 m), explaining 25-35% of overall variation in performance, as well as being closely associated with performance in longer races over jumps (23%). These data provide the first direct evidence that cardiac size influences athletic performance in a group of mammalian running athletes. Thoroughbred horses; athletic performance; heart size RESULTS FROM EXTENSIVE RESEARCH into the effects of athletic training and competition on the human heart have demonstrated differing effects of various types of exercise and training (22). Prolonged periods of high cardiac output with minimal change in arterial blood pressure, typical of long-duration endurance training (dynamic exercise), produce increased diastolic load and stimulate compensatory increases in cardiac chamber size (10). In contrast, short-duration "power" training (static exercise), associated with increased cardiac afterload and arterial blood pressure, produces increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness due to compensatory concentric myocardial remodeling (15). Although sport-specific cardiac adaptations have been studied for many human athletic disciplines with differing static and dynamic exercise components (9, 19), most studies have compared elite human athletes competing in sports at extremes of the power/endurance spectrum. The differences in cardiac adaptation between athletes performing dynamic exercise over different distances, with subtle differences in the power/endurance components of their competitive events, have not yet been fully explored.The role of the heart in defining athletic performance has been the subject of speculation and interest ...

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“…In order to compare to previous findings in men, Hedman et al [439] examined the relationship between cardiac dimensions and cardiac function to V O2max in a group of untrained women (n = 48) and a group of national and regional level female These findings are consistent with a previous study in female rowers [440] and young men [441] . The authors suggested that applying the approach of scaling cardiac dimensions by the appropriate power of body surface area may aid in future comparisons between male and female athletes, as this may prevent overand underestimating the influence of differences in body composition between sexes [439] .…”

Section: V O 2 Maxsupporting

confidence: 81%

Sex differences and training adaptations in relation to the lactate threshold and endurance exercise performance

Fisher¹

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The second lactate threshold (LT2) has long been associated with endurance performance in trained endurance athletes. In Australia, the state institutes and academies of sport utilise the modified maximum deviation (D-max) method to determine LT2 in endurance athletes for the purpose of establishing training intensities and indicating whether athletes are appropriately adapting to training loads. For LT2 methods to be considered valid, it had been suggested that strong associations with simulated endurance performance and the maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS) are required. Although research has established a strong relationship between the modified D-max and endurance performance, there are gaps in the literature which this thesis aims to investigate. iii appropriate measurement of ovarian hormones. Therefore, the second study extended study one, to explore the same experimental aims, in endurance-trained women (n = 12) whilst controlling for ovarian hormone concentrations through the use of hormonal contraceptives. When comparing to the men's results from study one, power output and V O2 at LT2 were also found to be significantly correlated with 40 km cycling performance in endurance-trained women. Additionally, combining maximal (peak power output and V O2max) and fractional utilisation (V O2 and power output at LT2) variables produced the strongest prediction of performance in women (r 2 = 0.87) and men (r 2 = 0.95). In women, VT2 was significantly higher than LT2 for all variables measured, despite no differences observed for the men. More women (73%) than men (50%) completed 30 min of cycling and elicited a steady-state [La -] at their LT2 power output, despite LT2 being significantly higher than the self-selected power output during a 40 km cycling time trial in women.The final study examined the sensitivity of the modified D-max LT2 to adapt to a brief highintensity interval training (HIIT) intervention in already-endurance trained men (n = 9) and women (n = 8). Although not significant, women (but not men) showed a trend towards LT2 power output improvement (2.2%; p = 0.08) post-HIIT. Mean 40 km time trial performance significantly improved in both men (-1.7%) and women (-2.6%), with no difference in the magnitude of change between sexes. Furthermore, although LT2 power output explained 77% of the improvement in 40 km cycling performance in women, none of the measured variables explained the performance improvement in men, suggesting that mechanisms other than those responsible for the LT2 were involved. The LT2-performance relationship was intensity-dependent in both men and women, shown by significant correlations at post-HIIT but not baseline. Some of the sex-related differences may, at least in part, be explained by the influence of oestradiol, perhaps by the exacerbation of the sex-based differences in substrate metabolism and subsequent effects on [La -] and fatigue, and/or greater cardiovascular stress in men than women.Collectively, these studies improve understanding of the modifie...

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Relationships between Cardiac Dimensions, Anthropometric Characteristics and Maximal Aerobic Power (V̇O₂max) in Young Men

Cited by 41 publications

References 9 publications

Different alterations in the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the athlete's heart and skeletal muscle.

Different alterations in the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the athlete's heart and skeletal muscle.

Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance

Sex differences and training adaptations in relation to the lactate threshold and endurance exercise performance

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Relationships between Cardiac Dimensions, Anthropometric Characteristics and Maximal Aerobic Power (V̇O2max) in Young Men

Cited by 41 publications

References 9 publications

Different alterations in the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the athlete's heart and skeletal muscle.

Different alterations in the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the athlete's heart and skeletal muscle.

Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance

Sex differences and training adaptations in relation to the lactate threshold and endurance exercise performance

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Relationships between Cardiac Dimensions, Anthropometric Characteristics and Maximal Aerobic Power (V̇O₂max) in Young Men