Relationships between External, Wearable Sensor-Based, and Internal Parameters: A Systematic Review

Helwig, Janina; Diels, Janik; Röll, Mareike; Mahler, Hubert; Gollhofer, Albert; Röecker, Kai; Willwacher, Steffen

doi:10.3390/s23020827

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…A major strength of the present study lies in the simplicity with which these variables can be implemented in any existing wearable sensor on the market that utilizes IMUs and GNSS to calculate real-time velocity, accelerations, anthropometric data and terrain characteristics. These data facilitate the calculation of key parameters, eliminating the need for athletes and coaches to undergo time-consuming and fatiguing tests and allowing data collection during training and competition [2].…”

Section: Metabolic Power Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, possessing a comprehensive understanding of key variables within each sporting context is crucial. This clarity is essential for precise data collection, enabling researchers and companies to save a significant amount of time developing software and sensors [2].…”

Section: Metabolic Power Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This interest has been propelled by advancements in the development of wearable sensors based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) [1]. These sensors find application during training sessions and sports competitions, serving the purpose of monitoring the internal training load [2], scheduling workouts and tracking the athlete's fitness level progression. To achieve this objective, it is essential to develop automated assessment methods that analyze highly accurate variables capable of reflecting the physiological, metabolic, biomechanical and neuromuscular state of the athlete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Running Economy in the Vertical Kilometer

Bascuas,

Gutiérrez,

Piedrafita

et al. 2023

Sensors

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New and promising variables are being developed to analyze performance and fatigue in trail running, such as mechanical power, metabolic power, metabolic cost of transport and mechanical efficiency. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of these variables during a real vertical kilometer field test. Fifteen trained trail runners, eleven men (from 22 to 38 years old) and four women (from 19 to 35 years old) performed a vertical kilometer with a length of 4.64 km and 835 m positive slope. During the entire race, the runners were equipped with portable gas analyzers (Cosmed K5) to assess their cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses breath by breath. Significant differences were found between top-level runners versus low-level runners in the mean values of the variables of mechanical power, metabolic power and velocity. A repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant differences between the sections, the incline and the interactions between all the analyzed variables, in addition to differences depending on the level of the runner. The variable of mechanical power can be statistically significantly predicted from metabolic power and vertical net metabolic COT. An algebraic expression was obtained to calculate the value of metabolic power. Integrating the variables of mechanical power, vertical velocity and metabolic power into phone apps and smartwatches is a new opportunity to improve performance monitoring in trail running.

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Section: Metabolic Power Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metabolic Power Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Running Economy in the Vertical Kilometer

Bascuas,

Gutiérrez,

Piedrafita

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Regardless of some reservations about the quality, reliability, and validity of global positioning system (GPS) and local positioning system (LPS) measures (3), tracking athletes' time motion, combined with physiological measures such as heart rate, has become a common method for characterizing athletes' EL and IL (4,5). An analysis of EL refers to quantifying players' movement demands regarding volume and intensity (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking devices and physical performance analysis in team sports: a comprehensive framework for research—trends and future directions

Ferraz,

Duarte-Mendes,

Sarmento

et al. 2023

Front. Sports Act. Living

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BackgroundTracking devices, such as global (GPS) and local (LPS) positioning systems, combined with physiological measurements, have become reliable tools to characterize movement patterns, assessing the external load (EL), internal load (IL), fatigue, and performance of athletes in team sports. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the applicability of tracking systems in physical performance analysis within team sports and the wellbeing of athletes based on research strategies and combined variables.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases according to PRISMA guidelines. The 79 studies that were reviewed met the following criteria: (1) contained relevant data regarding elite athletes′ performance; (2) athletes' EL and IL; (3) were written in the English language; (4) were related only to team sports.ResultsThe findings indicate that tracking technology has been engaged in several research areas, including performance analysis, training vs. match load management, injuries, and nutrition, through characterization and correlational studies. Metrics, primarily focused on kinematic and mechanical EL aspects, have been employed in combination with IL data to analyze the performance of athletes. However, the lack of an integrative model for the analysis and integration of EL and IL metrics within each team sport suggests an interesting direction for further research.ConclusionThere is a need for coherence between the methods and the research goals on performance analysis. The development of a framework that guides experimental studies is highly recommended, particularly on manipulating metrics analyzed between training and match sessions, injury prevention, and nutrition. This will lead to the development of the most applied sports science research to improve the preparation and decision-making of athletes based on reliable data.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://inplasy.com/?s=2022120039, identifier 2022120039.

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“…External load is associated with mechanical/locomotor demands, usually collected by global positioning systems, global navigation satellite systems, local positioning systems, and inertial measurement units that belong to micro-electro-mechanical systems (which provide a combination of 3D accelerometers, 3D gyroscopes, and 3D magnetometers). Despite different technologies, they provide external load measures, such as distances covered at various running speeds, accelerations, decelerations, player load, and others [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%