Relationships Between Lateral Heterophoria, Prism Vergence, and the Near Point of Convergence*

Scobee, Richard G.; Green, Earl L.

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(48)92164-3

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…from the eyes does not change significantly with age over the range of five to 75 years. For the same age span Mellick (1949) and Scobee and Green ( 1948) found no significant age variation for either prism adduction or prism abduction. Siniilarly, three large-scale studies (Burg, 1968;Hirsch el a[., 1948;Scobee and Green, 1948) failed to demonstrate a consistent or clinically significant change in distant heterophoria.…”

Section: ) Measures Of Convergencementioning

confidence: 82%

The Effects of Age on Visual Functioning

Lederer

1969

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Section: ) Measures Of Convergencementioning

confidence: 82%

The Effects of Age on Visual Functioning

Lederer

1969

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…and improved with training and the use of these values in this research could lead to inaccurate results (15) . Thirty-nine families had more than one individual affected by dx2 and these individuals had either eso-or exotropias, or eso-or exophorias.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a continuum of measurable abnormalities within strabismus from heterophoria, through intermittent tropia to manifest strabismus (4,10) . Abnormal sensory and motor tests have been found to be statistically more frequent among relatives of a strabismic child than among relatives of normal children (13,15,(18)(19)(20) . Fusional amplitudes of parents of normal, esotropic and exotropic children were studied (16) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tests of fusional amplitudes were made using the Risley (13) rotatory prism and the values considered abnormal are the following: (a) prism convergence break point at 20 feet for male if < 5.1 or >32∆ and for female <6.7 or >32; (b) prism divergence break point at 13 inches for male if <12.2 or >29.4∆ and for female <12.1 or > 29.3; and (c) prism divergence break point at 20 feet for male <1.1 or > 12.7 and for female <1.5 or >13.9∆ (11,(14)(15) . The AC/A ratio was measured with the slopegradient method using a -1.5 and a -3.00 lens (16)(17) ; an AC/A ratio greater than 5 was considered abnormal for both males and females (18)(19) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic aspects of strabismus

Ferreira¹,

Oelrich²,

Bateman³

2002

Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.

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Arq Bras Oftalmol 2002;65: Purpose: To evaluate the genetic aspects of strabismus. Methods: Ophthalmic and orthoptic evaluations were performed prospectively on 110 strabismic probands and 478 relatives. We used 3 different criteria in the diagnosis of strabismus: primary diagnosis (dx1) defined as any manifest horizontal or vertical deviation, a secondary diagnosis (dx2) including esophoria (>7 prism diopters) or exophoria (>9 prism diopters), and a tertiary diagnosis (dx3) including abnormal fusional amplitudes, accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, and/or stereopsis; monofixation syndrome; 4 prism diopters base out; and/or abnormal Maddox test responses. Analyses were carried out within mating types. Results: Hypotheses of autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance with no sporadics were rejected. Based on the dx1, 25% of the families had more than one individual affected and there was vertical transmission in 13%; adding dx2 there were 36% of the families with more than one affected and 21% had vertical transmission; and adding dx3, there were 73% with more than one affected and 51% with vertical transmission. Conclusions: There is evidence for a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant form of strabismus in most families. Aspectos genéticos em estrabismo

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“…16,18 Buna rağmen literatürdeki konverjansın yakın noktası ile yaş ilişkisini araştıran birkaç çalışmada, yaş artmasının önemli bir değişikliğe sebep olmadığı vurgulanmıştır. 19,20 Jimenez ve ark. 'nın 17 1015 hastayı farklı yaş gruplarına ayırarak yaptığı çalışmasında; ortalama konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası bakımından yaş grupları arasında minimal farklar olduğunu saptamışlardır.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Normal Binoküler Görmeye Sahip Olan Türk Popülasyonunda, Farklı Yaş Grupları için Konverjansın Yakın Kırılma Noktası: Normatif Veri

Sayın¹,

Akar²,

Gökyiğit³

et al. 2013

tjo

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ÖzetAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, normal binokuler görmesi olan Türk popülasyonunda, konverjansın yakın kırılma noktasını değerlendirmek ve farklı yaş gruplarında konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası için normatif verileri elde etmekti. Ge reç ve Yön tem: Bu ileriye dönük çalışmada, normal binokuler görmeli 329 kişi (yaş aralığı 3-72 yıl) değerlendirildi. Konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası ölçümü akomodatif bir hedef ile, 4 kere tekrarlandı. Bu yaş grupları (≤10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and >60 yaş) için konverjansın yakın kırılma noktasının ortalama değerleri sağlandı. Yaş grupları arasındaki bu değerlerin istatistiksel karşılaştırılması (tek yol ANOVA ve Post hoc testi) oluşturuldu. Konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası ile yaş arasındaki ilişki Pearson's korelasyon testi ile değerlendirildi. So nuç lar: Ortalama konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası değerleri 2,46±1,88 (0,5-14) cm idi. Spesifik olarak bütün kişilerdeki ölçümlerin %95'i 6 cm'nin altındaydı. ≤10 yaş grubu ile 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, >60 yaş gruplarının konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark vardı (p=0,0001, p=0,0001, p=0,006, p=0,001, p=0,004). Konverjansın yakın kırılma noktasındaki artma ile yaşın artması arasında zayıf pozitif korelasyon gözlendi (r=0,355) (p<0,001). Tar t›fl ma: Göreceli olarak geniş çalışma popülasyonundan sağlanan bu değerler, normal binoküler görmeli Türk Popülasyonunda konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası için yaşla ilintilendirilmiş olarak örnek oluşturabilecek veri tabanını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu veri tabanı önceden rapor edilmemiştir. ( Sum maryPur po se: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the near point of convergence break in Turkish population with normal binocular vision and to obtain the normative data for the near point of convergence break in different age groups. Such database has not been previously reported. Ma te ri al and Met hod: In this prospective study, 329 subjects with normal binocular vision (age range, 3-72 years) were evaluated. The near point of convergence break was measured 4 times repeatedly with an accommodative target. Mean values of near point of convergence break were provided for these age groups (≤10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and >60 years old). A statistical comparison (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test) of these values between age groups was performed. A correlation between the near point of convergence break and age was evaluated by Pearson's correlation test. Re sults: The mean value for near point of convergence break was 2. 46±1.88 (0.5-14) cm. Specifically, 95% of measurements in all subjects were <6 cm. There were statistically significant differences, which were found between the age groups of ≤10 years old and 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, >60 year-old age groups in the near point of convergence break values (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.006, p=0.001, p= 0.004). A mild positive correlation was observed between the increase in near point of convergence break and increase of age (r=0.355) (p<0.001). Dis cus si on: Th...

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Relationships Between Lateral Heterophoria, Prism Vergence, and the Near Point of Convergence*

Cited by 22 publications

References 3 publications

The Effects of Age on Visual Functioning

The Effects of Age on Visual Functioning

Genetic aspects of strabismus

Normal Binoküler Görmeye Sahip Olan Türk Popülasyonunda, Farklı Yaş Grupları için Konverjansın Yakın Kırılma Noktası: Normatif Veri

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