Relationships between livestock grazing practices, disease risk, and antimicrobial use among East African Agropastoralists

Ahmed, Haseeb; Call, Douglas R.; Quinlan, Robert J.; Yoder, Jonathan

doi:10.1017/s1355770x17000341

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…In addition, many epidemiological models entirely ignore the effects of changing prevalence on privately optimal spending on disease control (22,23). However, several empirical studies have shown that a farmer's likelihood to take control actions is the result of a dynamic and complex interplay between epidemiological, economic, environmental, cultural, and social factors (39)(40)(41)(42)(43). Models of disease transmission that ignore such heterogeneity are likely to be misleading, resulting in reduced value for informing control efforts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socially vs. Privately Optimal Control of Livestock Diseases: A Case for Integration of Epidemiology and Economics

et al. 2020

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This paper aims to illustrate the interdependencies between key epidemiological and economic factors that influence the control of many livestock infectious diseases. The factors considered here are (i) farmer heterogeneity (i.e., differences in how farmers respond to a perceived disease risk), (ii) off-farm effects of farmers' actions to control a disease (i.e., costs and benefits borne by agents that are external to the farm), and (iii) misalignment between privately and socially optimal control efforts (i.e., privately optimal behavior not conducive to a socially optimal outcome). Endemic chronic diseases cause a wide range of adverse social and economic impacts, particularly in low-income countries. The actions taken by farmers to control livestock diseases minimize some of these impacts, and heterogeneity in those actions leads to variation in prevalence at the farm level. While some farmers respond to perceived disease risks, others free-ride on the actions of these individuals, thereby compromising the potential benefits of collective, coordinated behavior. When evaluating a plausible range of disease cost to price of control ratios and assuming that farmers choose their privately optimal control effort, we demonstrate that achievement of a socially optimal disease control target is unlikely, occurring in <25% of all price-cost combinations. To achieve a socially optimal disease control outcome (reliant on farmers' voluntary actions), control policies must consider farmer heterogeneity, off-farm effects, and the predicted uptake of control measures under the assumption of optimized behavior.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socially vs. Privately Optimal Control of Livestock Diseases: A Case for Integration of Epidemiology and Economics

et al. 2020

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“…Poor or nonexistent road infrastructure and public transportation, or seasonal weather conditions can exacerbate accessibility problems [33]. The same is true for animal health services where veterinarians and animal health workers need to travel to remote areas in order to attend farmers [34]. Retail shops tend to be located nearer to patients and clients than institutional health facilities, especially in rural areas, and often become the only source of care [17][18][19]25,31].…”

Section: Accessibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Affordability impacted decisions on antimicrobial use in studies in northern Tanzania [34] and Kenya [28]. In Caudell and colleagues' (2020) study, a Kenyan farmer explained that most money in his household is spent on food and medicines, which leaves little for biosecurity and infection prevention [18].…”

Section: Affordabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing antimicrobial resistance by improving access and quality of care—A review of the literature from East Africa

et al. 2021

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Universal access to healthcare, including quality medicines, is a fundamental human right but is still out of reach for many in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). An existing framework capturing variability of access to healthcare in low-resource settings includes the 5 dimensions: availability, accessibility, affordability, adequacy, and acceptability. This framework encompasses key components, including health infrastructure and means to access it as well as service organisation, costs, and factors that influence users’ satisfaction. However, in reality, the effectiveness of accessed healthcare is measured by the likelihood of a positive outcome. We therefore propose an expansion of this framework to include an additional dimension, “aspects of quality,” incorporating quality, which critically influences the ability of the accessed services to generate optimal health outcomes. Within this framework, we explore literature from East Africa likely relevant to a range of LMIC contexts, mainly focusing on the provision of widely used antimicrobials such as antimalarials and antibiotics. We argue that major inadequacies exist across all 6 dimensions of access and quality of drugs and their provision. While the global focus is on curbing excessive antimicrobial use to tackle the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis, major constraints around access shape patients’ health-seeking decisions leading to potentially problematic practices that might exacerbate the AMR problem. We advocate for a holistic approach to tackling these inadequacies, encompassing all dimensions of access and quality of healthcare in order to improve health outcomes while simultaneously counteracting the AMR crisis.

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“…Disease incidence may also affect future costs, increase subjective disease risk assessment, and result in increased future use of preventive medications. Increased use of antibiotics is of concern in relation to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, which may be costly for the society as a whole (Ahmed et al, 2018;Althouse et al, 2010). There may be several other costs related to livestock management and disease control.…”

Section: Indirect Impacts Of Livestock Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Economic burden of livestock disease and drought in Northern Tanzania

Ahmed¹,

Yoder²,

Glanville³

et al. 2019

J. Dev. Agric. Econ.

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Livestock-dependent communities face considerable livestock disease and drought risk, which can impact herd value, income and consumption. This paper summarizes economic data collected from 404 households in Arusha and Manyara regions of Northern Tanzania in 2016. They provide estimates for (i) herd loss due to disease and drought as a fraction of herd value and income, (ii) the relative risk of disease and drought in small versus large ruminants and (iii) the relationship between livestock disease outcomes and household expenditures. We find that disease and drought losses comprise 10 to 4% of sheep, cattle and goat herd value, and amount to an estimated 62.1% of household income. The drought and disease risk ratios for small versus large ruminants indicate that small stock face higher disease risk, while large ruminants are affected more by drought. Furthermore, cattle abortions are negatively related to schooling expenditure and positively associated with increases in off-farm food expenditure related to livestock management, presumably through increased investments in prevention and therapy. These results suggest that climatic variability and livestock diseases are an important source of economic vulnerability and reducing this burden may help alleviate poverty in livestock-dependent communities.

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Relationships between livestock grazing practices, disease risk, and antimicrobial use among East African Agropastoralists

Cited by 13 publications

References 60 publications

Socially vs. Privately Optimal Control of Livestock Diseases: A Case for Integration of Epidemiology and Economics

Socially vs. Privately Optimal Control of Livestock Diseases: A Case for Integration of Epidemiology and Economics

Addressing antimicrobial resistance by improving access and quality of care—A review of the literature from East Africa

Economic burden of livestock disease and drought in Northern Tanzania

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