Relationships between physical activity, physical fitness, muscle strength and nutritional state in 5- to 11-year-old children

Grund, A.; Dilba, B.; Forberger, K; Krause, H.; Siewers, M.; Rieckert, H; Müller, Markus

doi:10.1007/s004210000197

Cited by 80 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] However, some of these studies were conducted with a small number of subjects, whereas others included children and adolescents in the same analyses. It has also been reported that overweight as well as obese children showed a lower physical fitness than normal children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between low physical fitness and high body mass index or waist circumference is increasing with age in children: the ‘Québec en Forme’ Project

2006

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Objective: To evaluate physical fitness and body composition of children involved in the 'Québec en Forme' (QEF) Project and to compare data obtained to the reference values of the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey (CFS). Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: A total of 1140 children (591 boys and 549 girls) of first (7 years), second (8 years) and fourth (10 years) grade from primary schools in the City of Trois-Rivières (Québec) were selected to participate in this study. Measurements: Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured. The physical fitness tests included standing long jump, 1-min speed sit-ups and speed shuttle run. Results: The prevalence of overweight in children ranged between 20 and 30%, which represents a substantial increase compared to the 1981 CFS. The relationship between BMI and WC was highly significant in boys and girls (r ¼ 0.90 and 0.86, respectively, Po0.0001). The negative correlations between BMI or WC and the performance in all physical fitness tests were mostly significant in children of both genders (À0.16prpÀ0.45, at least Po0.05), and these relationships were significantly greater in older children (Po0.05). Based on the 1981 CFS, only 4.7-14.1% of QEF boys still performed in the upper quartile of the distribution (fit boys), whereas 32.1-69% performed not much higher than the lower quartile (unfit boys) for each fitness test. In girls, the relative fitness decrease observed in 2003 was more pronounced since only 1-9.9% of subjects performed in the upper quartile of the distribution compared to 42.8-81.4% who did not perform higher than the lower quartile of the 1981 reference scores of the CFS. Conclusion: This study shows that BMI and WC are negatively correlated with physical fitness and that these associations are more pronounced in older children. Furthermore, physical fitness of our cohort, especially in girls, was much lower than what was documented in the 1981 CFS in subjects of the same age. This study thus emphasizes the necessity to develop early interventions to improve physical fitness in children and to prevent the increase of childhood obesity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between low physical fitness and high body mass index or waist circumference is increasing with age in children: the ‘Québec en Forme’ Project

2006

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“…Ravussin and colleagues (32) have shown that decreased energy expenditure precedes weight gain in morbidly obese Pima Indians. Furthermore, human obesity is significantly associated with low levels of physical exercise (12,16). It was also been proposed recently that nonexercise activity thermogenesis is an important component in human energy balance (22).…”

Section: Physiological Characterization Of New Zealand Obese Micementioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperphagia, lower body temperature, and reduced running wheel activity precede development of morbid obesity in New Zealand obese mice

Jürgens

Schürmann

Kluge

et al. 2006

Physiological Genomics

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Jü rgens, Hella S., Annette Schü rmann, Reinhart Kluge, Sylvia Ortmann, Susanne Klaus, Hans-Georg Joost, and Matthias H. Tschöp. Hyperphagia, lower body temperature, and reduced running wheel activity precede development of morbid obesity in New Zealand obese mice. Physiol Genomics 25: 234 -241, 2006; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00252.2005.-Among polygenic mouse models of obesity, the New Zealand obese (NZO) mouse exhibits the most severe phenotype, with fat depots exceeding 40% of total body weight at the age of 6 mo. Here we dissected the components of energy balance including feeding behavior, locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and thermogenesis compared with the related lean New Zealand black (NZB) and obese B6.V-Lep ob /J (ob/ob) strains (11% and 65% fat at 23 wk, respectively). NZO mice exhibited a significant hyperphagia that, when food intake was expressed per metabolic body mass, was less pronounced than that of the ob/ob strain. Compared with NZB, NZO mice exhibited increased meal frequency, meal duration, and meal size. Body temperature as determined by telemetry with implanted sensors was reduced in NZO mice, but again to a lesser extent than in the ob/ob strain. In striking contrast to ob/ob mice, NZO mice were able to maintain a constant body temperature during a 20-h cold exposure, thus exhibiting a functioning cold-induced thermogenesis. No significant differences in spontaneous home cage activity were observed among NZO, NZB, and ob/ob strains. When mice had access to voluntary running wheels, however, running activity was significantly lower in NZO than NZB mice and even lower in ob/ob mice. These data indicate that obesity in NZO mice, just as in humans, is due to a combination of hyperphagia, reduced energy expenditure, and insufficient physical activity. Because NZO mice differ strikingly from the ob/ob strain in their resistance to cold stress, we suggest that the molecular defects causing hyperphagia in NZO mice are located distal from leptin and its receptor. feeding behavior; polygenic obesity; ob/ob mice; thermogenesis; locomotor activity THE NEW ZEALAND OBESE (NZO) mouse strain represents a well-established model of morbid obesity (2). Among all polygenic mouse models of obesity, it exhibits the highest degree of adiposity (14). The development of its obesity is markedly accelerated and enhanced by exposure to a high-fat diet (24). In addition to obesity, the NZO strain presents all other characteristics of the human metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance progressing to overt diabetes (2, 6), hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension (23). Thus the NZO strain appears to be a most suitable model for human obesity and its secondary complications, in particular the abnormalities of glucose metabolism.The NZO strain has been used in the search for mouse obesity and diabetes genes, and three different genome-wide scans of outcross populations with lean strains (SJL, SM, and NON) have been performed (19,21,25, 28,33). These scans revealed a very complex picture of the genetic basis...

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“…Individually FLEX-HR was used to discriminate between resting and exercise HR. Total energy expenditure was measured by the FLEX-HR monitoring method as described previously 40,41 . For the remainder of the daytime, when HR was above FLEX-HR, energy expenditure was derived from the minute-by-minute recorded HR using the individual child's regression line for the VO 2 corresponding to HR 15 .…”

Section: Hr Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is TV viewing an index of physical activity and fitness in overweight and normal weight children?

Grund

Krause

Siewers

et al. 2001

Public Health Nutr.

107

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Objective: To assess relationships between TV viewing and body composition, energy expenditure, physical activity, fitness and nutrition habits in prepubertal children. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: Sixty prepubertal children (mean body mass index: 20.8 kg m 22 , age: 5±11 years, overweight: n 52Y normal weight: n 8). Methods: TV consumption, socio-economic status (SES) and nutrition habits were estimated by questionnaires. Fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by anthropometrics and bioelectrical impedance analysis, and resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Total energy expenditure was measured by a combination of indirect calorimetry and individually calibrated 24-hour heart rate (HR) monitoring. Activity-related energy expenditure and physical activity level were calculated. Aerobic fitness (VO 2 submax) was determined by ergometry, muscle strength (musculus quadriceps, musculus ischiocruralis) was measured by computer tensiometry. Children were stratified according to their daily TV consumption: #1 h of TV per day (group I) and .1 h of TV per day (group II). Results: When compared with children of group I, children of group II had increased body weight, body mass index, skinfolds, fat mass and prevalence of overweight P , 0X05 and ,0.01, respectively). By contrast, fat-free mass, energy expenditure, measures of physical activity and muscle strength were similar. Children of group II had normal absolute VO 2 submax but reduced adjusted VO 2 submax P , 0X05). They also had parents with a lower educational level P , 0X05X Similar nutritional habits were observed in both groups. There were no significant differences in the observed parameters between children with high (1±3 h day 21) and very high (.3 h day 21 ) TV viewing. Conclusions: There is a positive relationship between TV viewing and fatness. Increased TV viewing does not reflect reduced 24-hour energy expenditure as assessed by 24-hour HR monitoring, submaximal VO 2 , muscle strength or poor dietary intake. Increased TV consumption is associated with a low SES. Keywords Physical inactivity Activity Energy expenditure Childhood obesity Childhood nutritionIn Western societies overweight and obesity are epidemic and their incidence is increasing. Present data show that children are also getting fatter 1±3 . Environmental factors frequently discourage physical activity and promote overeating, thus supporting childhood obesity 1±4 . A low level of physical activity is considered as an increased risk factor of obesity 1,5±9 . Reduced physical activity results in a reduction in total energy expenditure (TEE), favouring a positive energy balance. However, the relationship between childhood obesity and energy expenditure or physical activity is far from clear. Obese subjects did not consistently show reduced activity 10,11 . Doubly labelled water (DLW) techniques, heart rate (HR) monitoring and accelerometers have been used to assess energy expenditure and physical activity directly in children and adults 9,12±15 . In addi...

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Relationships between physical activity, physical fitness, muscle strength and nutritional state in 5- to 11-year-old children

Cited by 80 publications

References 27 publications

The association between low physical fitness and high body mass index or waist circumference is increasing with age in children: the ‘Québec en Forme’ Project

The association between low physical fitness and high body mass index or waist circumference is increasing with age in children: the ‘Québec en Forme’ Project

Hyperphagia, lower body temperature, and reduced running wheel activity precede development of morbid obesity in New Zealand obese mice

Is TV viewing an index of physical activity and fitness in overweight and normal weight children?

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