Relationships between the Front Crawl Stroke Parameters of Competitive Unilateral Arm Amputee Swimmers, with Selected Anthropometric Characteristics

Osborough, Conor D.; Payton, Carl J.; Daly, Daniel

doi:10.1123/jab.25.4.304

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, the group of swimmers in this study seem to have preferred a longer SL as opposed to SR, having adopted the catch-up model at vVȮ 2max . In another study, swimmers with physical impairment (sport class S5-S10, 100 m competitive event) also adopted the catch-up model in a slightly higher percentage (IdC = −0.17) and had longer propulsive phases (pull = 28.29% and push = 25.60%) [25] than those found in the current study. The swimmers who had a longer catch phase presented a higher IVV in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Kinematic, Coordinative and Efficiency Parameters of Physically Impaired Swimmers at Maximum Aerobic Power Speed

Feitosa¹,

Correia²,

Barbosa³

et al. 2019

TOSSJ

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Background: In paralympic swimming, the biomechanical parameters related to performance are effectively determined according to the potentialities and peculiarities of each athlete. However, a clear integrated approach to these parameters for swimmers with physical disabilities at the speed of maximum oxygen uptake (vV̇O2max) is still practically non-existent. Objective: The purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to assess kinematic, coordinative and efficiency parameters measured at vV̇O2max in swimmers with physical impairments; and (ii) to correlate these biomechanical parameters with the time for a 200 m maximum test. Methods: Eleven swimmers with physical disabilities (seven males and four females) were assessed at vV̇O2max with support from a three-dimensional kinematic method. The performance parameters analysed were: (i) kinematic - stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), average swimming speed (SS) and intra-cyclic velocity variation (IVV); (ii) coordinative - index of coordination (IdC) and adapted index of coordination (IdCadapt); and (iii) swimming efficiency - propelling efficiency (çp). Results: The overall results showed high dispersion and wide confidence intervals for the kinematic and coordinative variables. The mean and standard deviation of vV̇O2max and V̇O2 at the same intensity were 0.90 ± 0.13 m/s and 38.2 ± 8.3 ml/kg/min, respectively. Conclusion: Swimmers with less significant impact of physical disability on specific swimming tasks presented higher SL, SS and çp. The IVV was higher in swimmers with a greater impact of disability on conducting specific competitive swimming tasks. In general, the catch-up inter-arm coordination model is adopted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Kinematic, Coordinative and Efficiency Parameters of Physically Impaired Swimmers at Maximum Aerobic Power Speed

Feitosa¹,

Correia²,

Barbosa³

et al. 2019

TOSSJ

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“…First, while there may be greater hydrodynamic forces reported at given sites for the hand segment, the forearm segment might contribute greater net positive propulsive force than the hand due to having greater propelling surface area . Further, the relative contribution of the forearm segment to 100 m freestyle performance may increase for Para swimmers with an upper limb impairment, as they show varied stroke patterns to increase the angular and linear velocities of their “intact” limb segments and maximize their net propulsive force during swimming . Second, this study only included Para swimmers in the analyses, of which the least impaired Para swimmers with an upper limb impairment would have up to ~50% of their hand length intact as per the minimum impairment eligibility criteria .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…33,37 Further, the relative contribution of the forearm segment to 100 m freestyle performance may increase for Para swimmers with an upper limb impairment, as they show varied stroke patterns to increase the angular and linear velocities of their "intact" limb segments and maximize their net propulsive force during swimming. 16,38,39 Second, this study only included Para swimmers in the analyses, of which the least impaired Para swimmers with an upper limb impairment would have up to ~50% of their hand length intact as per the minimum impairment eligibility criteria. 3 It is possible that the contribution of hand length to 100 m freestyle performance was underestimated by the partial least squares regression, as the results are dependent upon the cases included in the analysis that explain the variance within the dataset.…”

Section: Modelling the Impact Of Limb Deficiency Impairment On Perfmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method to guide classification of para swimmers with limb deficiency

Hogarth

Payton

Vliet

et al. 2018

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The International Paralympic Committee has directed International Federations that govern Para sports to develop evidence-based classification systems. This study defined the impact of limb deficiency impairment on 100 m freestyle performance to guide an evidence-based classification system in Para Swimming, which will be implemented following the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic games. Impairment data and competitive race performances of 90 international swimmers with limb deficiency were collected. Ensemble partial least squares regression established the relationship between relative limb length measures and competitive 100 m freestyle performance. The model explained 80% of the variance in 100 m freestyle performance and found hand length and forearm length to be the most important predictors of performance. Based on the results of this model, Para swimmers were clustered into four-, five-, six-, and seven-class structures using nonparametric kernel density estimations. The validity of these classification structures, and effectiveness against the current classification system, were examined by establishing within-class variations in 100 m freestyle performance and differences between adjacent classes. The derived classification structures were found to be more effective than current classification based on these criteria. This study provides a novel method that can be used to improve the objectivity and transparency of decision-making in Para sport classification. Expert consensus from experienced coaches, Para swimmers, classifiers, and sport science and medicine personnel will benefit the translation of these findings into a revised classification system that is accepted by the Para swimming community.

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“…The absence of body segments or the presence of movement restrictions (Figueiredo et al, 2014;Osborough et al, 2015) and great implications for drag production (Oh et al, 2013) seem to cause a high degree of heterogeneity in the vast majority of SWD classes (sport classes S1-S10). In these sport classes, generation of propulsion is more accentuated by only one upper limb, with a high SR and small SL values at higher speeds (Osborough, Payton, & Daly, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Performance of disabled swimmers in protocols or tests and competitions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Feitosa

Correia

Barbosa

et al. 2019

Sports Biomechanics

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Biomechanical and coordination measurements are useful tools to assess swimming performance. Regarding Paralympic swimming, function and technique make these measurements complex. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of studies on biomechanics, coordination and performance in disabled swimmers following swimming protocols and in competitions. Data sources: PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge, SPORTDiscus and Academic Search Premier. We selected complete studies, published until June 2018. Eighteen studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were selected for qualitative analysis; nine of these were included in the meta-analysis. Swimming speed and stroke length increase with less impact of physical, visual and intellectual impairment on performing specific swimming tasks. Stroke rate is more stable all through the sport classes than both swimming speed and stroke length. Most physically disabled swimmers adopt the catch-up coordination model. Stroke rate is responsible for most of the intracycle velocity variation in swimmers with amputations or malformations of the upper limbs. No study was found on propulsive efficiency. Swimmers with disabilities should work more on stroke rate, with small decreases in stroke length to achieve higher swimming speeds, lower swim coordination index (more negative) and lower speed variations.

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Relationships between the Front Crawl Stroke Parameters of Competitive Unilateral Arm Amputee Swimmers, with Selected Anthropometric Characteristics

Cited by 22 publications

References 12 publications

Kinematic, Coordinative and Efficiency Parameters of Physically Impaired Swimmers at Maximum Aerobic Power Speed

Kinematic, Coordinative and Efficiency Parameters of Physically Impaired Swimmers at Maximum Aerobic Power Speed

A novel method to guide classification of para swimmers with limb deficiency

Performance of disabled swimmers in protocols or tests and competitions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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