Relationships between the Interannual Variability of Antarctic Sea Ice and the Southern Oscillation

Simmonds, Ian; Jacka, T. H.

doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0637:rbtivo>2.0.co;2

Cited by 206 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Work such as that of Chen et al (1996) has provided a great deal of insight into particular events, but there are major differences between events. Simmonds and Jacka (1995) have noted the rather long time scales that ENSO operates over and have made the important point that we should not necessarily expect that the strongest connection between the SOI and climate parameters noted in the Antarctic would occur in the same year. The time scale on which ENSO signals are transmitted poleward and the lags in the system also require further research.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Work Requiredmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The time scale on which ENSO signals are transmitted poleward and the lags in the system also require further research. Simmonds and Jacka (1995) showed that the SOI and sea ice had little synchronous or lagged correlation. This was ascribed to the fact that considerable inertia was present in the system via the changing ocean circulation and modification to the westerlies.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Work Requiredmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some indications were found of sea ice anomalies preceding the SOI values, but these were not as marked as those relating to current or past SOI values. Using the results of earlier investigations, many of which are described above, Simmonds and Jacka (1995) re-examined the links between the SOI and sea ice extent in four key sectors of the Antarctic: the southwest Indian Ocean, the southwest and southeast Pacific Ocean and a sector to the west of the Ross Sea. It was found that the correlations for these areas were stronger than those found over the entire ocean basins, which they interpreted as indicating that there are key parts of the Antarctic sea ice zone where the ENSO links are strongest.…”

Section: Sea Icementioning

confidence: 99%

“…But the best evidence to date suggests that the SOI leads the anomalies in the sea ice (Simmonds and Jacka, 1995). However, as the record of sea ice extent and area become longer, it should become possible to establish more reliable statistical relationships than have been developed to date.…”

Section: Sea Icementioning

confidence: 99%

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The El Niño–southern oscillation and Antarctica

Turner

2004

Intl Journal of Climatology

448

430

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This paper reviews our understanding of how the effects of the El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO) might be transmitted from the tropical Pacific Ocean to the Antarctic, and examines the evidence for such signals in the Antarctic meteorological, sea ice, ice core and biological records. Many scientific disciples concerned with the Antarctic require an understanding of how the climatic conditions in the tropical and mid-latitude regions affect the Antarctic, and it is hoped that this review will aid their work.The most pronounced signals of ENSO are found over the southeast Pacific as a result of a climatological Rossby wave train that gives positive (negative) height anomalies over the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Sea during El Niño (La Niña) events. However, the extra-tropical signature can sometimes show a high degree of variability between events in this area. In West Antarctica, links between ENSO and precipitation have shown variability on the decadal time scale. Across the continent itself, it is even more difficult to relate meteorological conditions to ENSO, yet analyses of the long meteorological records from the stations do indicate a distinct switch in sign of the pressure anomalies from positive to negative across the minimum in the southern oscillation index.The oceanic signals of ENSO around the Antarctic are less clear, but it has been suggested that the Antarctic circumpolar wave could be forced by the phenomenon.Ice-core data offer the potential to help in understanding the long-term relationship between ENSO and the climate of the Antarctic, but there are difficulties because of the need to smooth the ice-core data to overcome the mixing of snow on the surface. Nevertheless, analysis of methylsulphonic acid in a South Pole core has shown high variability on ENSO time scales.It is clear that some evidence of ENSO can be found in the Antarctic meteorological and ice-core records; however, many of the relationships tend not to be stable with time, and we currently have a poor understanding of the transfer functions by which such signals arrive at the Antarctic from the tropical Pacific.

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Section: Discussion and Future Work Requiredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussion and Future Work Requiredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sea Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sea Icementioning

confidence: 99%

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The El Niño–southern oscillation and Antarctica

Turner

2004

Intl Journal of Climatology

448

430

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“…Among the observational studies showing a relationship between Antarctic sea ice and the Southern atmosphere are Cavalieri and Parkinson (1981), Carleton (1981Carleton ( , 1988, Simmonds and Jacka (1995), Yuan and Martinson (2001), Kwok and Comiso (2002) and Raphael (2007). They have uncovered links between the atmosphere and sea ice that vary in scale from synoptic to planetary scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of Antarctic sea ice on the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere during the southern summer

2010

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This study examines the influence of Antarctic sea ice distribution on the large scale circulation of the Southern Hemisphere using a fully coupled GCM where the sea ice submodel is replaced by a climatology of observed extremes in sea ice concentration. Three 150-year simulations were completed for maximum, minimum and average sea ice concentrations and the results for the austral summer (January-March) were compared using the surface temperatures forced by the sea ice distributions as a filter for creating the composite differences. The results indicate that in the austral summer the polar cell expands (contracts) under minimum (maximum) sea ice conditions with corresponding shifts in the midlatitude Ferrell cell. We suggest that this response occurs because sea ice lies in the margin between the polar and midlatitude cells. The polarity of the Southern Hemisphere Annular (SAM) mode is also influenced such that when sea ice is at a minimum (maximum) the polarity of the SAM tends to be negative (positive).

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An Analysis of Antarctic Sea-Ice and Extratropical Cyclone Associations

Godfred-Spenning

Simmonds

1996

Int. J. Climatol.

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We have examined aspects of the association between Antarctic sea‐ice and Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones for the period 1973–1991, on a seasonal time‐scale. It has been found that a sea‐ice–cyclone link is not apparent over the entire sea‐ice zone. However, we have found suggestions of interannual connections over certain regimes during particular seasons. Among the connections identified was an association between sea‐ice and spatial‐system density in the Amundsen Sea in summer. Also, winter cyclogenesis density in the Ross and Bellingshausen Seas appears strongly connected to ice in the same region. By analysing the results obtained through lagging and leading the sea‐ice time series by one season, we have concluded that the forcing of sea‐ice distribution by atmospheric stresses (either thermally or via wind manipulation) is a more dominant factor than anomalous sea‐ice conditions altering cyclone tracks or spatial density, a finding supported by the more widespread incidence of significant correlation when the sea‐ice time series lagged both system density and cyclogenesis by one season. Our results also show that cyclone density appeared associated more strongly with sea‐ice either ‘upstream’ or ‘downstream’, especially for cyclones in certain sections of the Weddell and Ross Seas during spring. On the other hand, winter cyclogenesis was most strongly linked to local sea‐ice.

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Relationships between the Interannual Variability of Antarctic Sea Ice and the Southern Oscillation

Cited by 206 publications

References 31 publications

The El Niño–southern oscillation and Antarctica

The El Niño–southern oscillation and Antarctica

The effect of Antarctic sea ice on the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere during the southern summer

An Analysis of Antarctic Sea-Ice and Extratropical Cyclone Associations

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