Relationships of Toe-Length Ratios to Finger-Length Ratios, Foot Preference, and Wearing of TOE Rings

Voracek, Martin; Dreßler, Stefan

doi:10.2466/pms.110.1.33-47

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 42 publications

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“…Firstly, our macaque sexual dimorphism is in the opposite direction from previously recorded human toe sexual dimorphism [48], [87]. Secondly, neither EPA nor LPA female monkeys show differences in right foot 2D∶4D ratio or 2D toe length compared to control females.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Early-to-Mid Gestation Fetal Testosterone Increases Right Hand 2D∶4D Finger Length Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Monkeys

et al. 2012

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A smaller length ratio for the second relative to the fourth finger (2D∶4D) is repeatedly associated with fetal male-typical testosterone (T) and is implicated as a biomarker for a variety of traits and susceptibility to a number of diseases, but no experimental human studies have been performed. The present study utilizes the rhesus monkey, a close relative of humans, and employs discrete gestational exposure of female monkeys to fetal male-typical T levels for 15–35 days during early-to-mid (40–76 days; n = 7) or late (94–139 days; n = 7) gestation (term: 165 days) by daily subcutaneous injection of their dams with 10 mg T propionate. Such gestational exposures are known to enhance male-typical behavior. In this study, compared to control females (n = 19), only early-to-mid gestation T exposure virilizes female external genitalia while increasing 2D∶4D ratio in the right hand (RH) by male-like elongation of RH2D. RH2D length and 2D∶4D positively correlate with androgen-dependent anogenital distance (AG), and RH2D and AG positively correlate with duration of early-to-mid gestation T exposure. Male monkeys (n = 9) exhibit a sexually dimorphic 2D∶4D in the right foot, but this trait is not emulated by early-to-mid or late gestation T exposed females. X-ray determined phalanx measurements indicate elongated finger and toe phalanx length in males, but no other phalanx-related differences. Discrete T exposure during early-to-mid gestation in female rhesus monkeys thus appears to increase RH2D∶4D through right-side biased, non-skeletal tissue growth. As variation in timing and duration of gestational T exposure alter male-like dimensions of RH2D independently of RH4D, postnatal RH2D∶4D provides a complex biomarker for fetal T exposure.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Early-to-Mid Gestation Fetal Testosterone Increases Right Hand 2D∶4D Finger Length Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Monkeys

et al. 2012

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Four meta-analyses across 164 studies on atypical footedness prevalence and its relation to handedness

Packheiser

Schmitz

Berretz

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Human lateral preferences, such as handedness and footedness, have interested researchers for decades due to their pronounced asymmetries at the population level. While there are good estimates on the prevalence of handedness in the population, there is no large-scale estimation on the prevalence of footedness. furthermore, the relationship between footedness and handedness still remains elusive. Here, we conducted meta-analyses with four different classification systems for footedness on 145,135 individuals across 164 studies including new data from the ALSPAC cohort. the study aimed to determine a reliable point estimate of footedness, to study the association between footedness and handedness, and to investigate moderating factors influencing footedness. We showed that the prevalence of atypical footedness ranges between 12.10% using the most conservative criterion of left-footedness to 23.7% including all left-and mixed-footers as a single nonright category. As many as 60.1% of left-handers were left-footed whereas only 3.2% of right-handers were left-footed. Males were 4.1% more often non-right-footed compared to females. Individuals with psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders exhibited a higher prevalence of non-right-footedness. Furthermore, the presence of mixed-footedness was higher in children compared to adults and leftfootedness was increased in athletes compared to the general population. finally, we showed that footedness is only marginally influenced by cultural and social factors, which play a crucial role in the determination of handedness. overall, this study provides new and useful reference data for laterality research. furthermore, the data suggest that footedness is a valuable phenotype for the study of lateral motor biases, its underlying genetics and neurodevelopment.

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Techniques and Applications of Lower Extremity Feminization and Masculinization

et al. 2023

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Relationships of Toe-Length Ratios to Finger-Length Ratios, Foot Preference, and Wearing of TOE Rings

Cited by 4 publications

References 42 publications

Early-to-Mid Gestation Fetal Testosterone Increases Right Hand 2D∶4D Finger Length Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Monkeys

Early-to-Mid Gestation Fetal Testosterone Increases Right Hand 2D∶4D Finger Length Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Monkeys

Four meta-analyses across 164 studies on atypical footedness prevalence and its relation to handedness

Techniques and Applications of Lower Extremity Feminization and Masculinization

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