Relative Age Effects Across and Within Female Sport Contexts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Smith, Kristy L; Weir, Patricia L.; Till, Kevin; Romann, Michael; Cobley, Stephen

doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0890-8

Cited by 141 publications

(250 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Previous study reported that individual strength or power activities including both individual sports, such as tennis, skiing swimming, wrestling, taekwondo and team sports, such as rugby, soccer, and hockey have shown to be particularly susceptible to RAE [2,5,23,24]. The present study shown that there were statistically significant differences in the absolute leg and handgrip strength parameters and relative back, leg and handgrip strength parameters between swimmers who were born first and last quarter of the same year.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

“…Relative age is calculated based on the month when the individuals were born in the same calendar year. Numerous researchers have indicated that relatively older athletes in the teenagers and childhood period have a higher physical performance than younger peers [5,6]. These findings have been revealed that the early maturing teenagers may have potential athletic advantages in terms of body size, strength, endurance, and speed, especially in the teenage period [7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of relative age effect in muscular strength of adolescent swimmers

Atar

Özen

Koç

2019

PPS

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Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of relative age in anthropometric measurements, muscular strength of adolescent swimmers. Material and Methods: The study sample was composed of 40 volunteers adolescent well-trained swimmers. Participants were grouped as swimmers born in the first quarter (January, February and March) and in the last quarter (October, November and December) of the same year. Anthropometric measurements were taken from each participant, and body mass index of participants were calculated. To determine performance parameters, handgrip, back and leg strength tests were performed on participants. The level of statistical significance was set at p < .05. Results: Statistical analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the body height and BMI ( p < .05 ), but body weight differences were not statistically significant between swimmers who are born first and last quarter of the same year ( p > .05 ). There were significant differences in the means of absolute leg and handgrip strength between relative age groups. There were statistically significant differences in the means of relative back, leg and handgrip strength between groups ( p < .05 ). All mean relative strength values of participants significantly differed in favour of the group born in the first quarter of the year. Conclusion: As a result of this study, it is determined that relative age has an effect on the measured anthropometric and muscular strength parameters of adolescent well-trained swimmers. The findings of this study revealed that relative age is an important factor to be considered in swimming performance in adolescent swimmers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of relative age effect in muscular strength of adolescent swimmers

Atar

Özen

Koç

2019

PPS

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“…Regarding women and RAE, overall pooled results have been published in small sport contexts. Thus, RAE was higher in ≤11 year and 12-14 year groups at higher competition levels [25]. In contrast, other authors suggested that there is no RAE in elite women sports [12,26] due to the great depth of competition hypotheses [18] and other sociocultural factors in female contexts [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis

Mon‐López

Tejero-González

Rubia

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Background: The sport overrepresentation of early-born athletes within a selection year is called relative age effect (RAE). Moreover, gender performance differences depend on the sport. The main objectives of the study were to compare performances between gender and RAE in precision shooting events. Method: The results of 704 shooters who participated in the most recent World Shooting Championship were compared. Performance was analysed by event (rifle and pistol), gender and category (junior and senior), together with RAE and six ranges of ranking positions. Results: The results of the study indicated that men scored higher than women in pistol events and that no performance differences were found in rifle events when the whole group was compared. According to the birth trimester, no significant differences were found in the participant’s distribution, nor in performance in any case. Conclusions: The main conclusions of the study are: (1) the men’s pistol performance is better than the women’s even though RAE is not associated to the shooting score in any case; (2) men and women performed equally in the general analysis, but their performances were different depending on category and event with no RAE influence.

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“…Male ice hockey has consistently been a popular focus for RAE studies (e.g., Cobley, Baker, Wattie, & McKenna, 2009). While growing in interest among researchers, there continues to be comparatively fewer investigations on female hockey (Smith, Weir, Till, Romann, & Cobley, 2018). At the elite level, Wattie, Baker, Cobley, and Montelpare (2007) international players and found more athletes born in the first half of the year (60%) compared to the second half of the year (40%).…”

Section: Relative Age Effects In Female Ice Hockeymentioning

confidence: 99%

Youth Developmental Experiences Among Female Hockey Players: The Role of Relative Age

Chittle

Dixon

Horton

2019

JYD

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Relative age differences can lead to varying sport participation opportunities; however, scant research has focused on the impact of relative age on experiences within sport. This study explored if youth developmental experiences differed by relative age among competitive female ice hockey players. Players within Ontario (n = 264) completed an online survey that contained the Youth Experience Survey for Sport (YES-S) along with additional demographic questions. The YES-S measures 5 dimensions of positive (i.e., personal and social skills, cognitive skills, goal setting, and initiative) and negative developmental experiences in sport. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) suggested that the developmental experiences reported by athletes did not differ across birth quartiles (Wilks’ Lambda = 0.940, F (15, 707.105) = 1.061, p = .390). Although there was a relative age effect (RAE) trend within this sample of competitive female ice hockey players, the differences across birth quartiles were not statistically significant. It appears that relative age does not result in youth having different positive and negative sporting experiences. Exploring the characteristics of sport environments (e.g., coaches, practices) and personality traits of competitive athletes to better understand how relatively younger athletes continue their participation in sport despite being at a perceived disadvantage warrants further investigation.

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Relative Age Effects Across and Within Female Sport Contexts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 141 publications

References 103 publications

Analysis of relative age effect in muscular strength of adolescent swimmers

Analysis of relative age effect in muscular strength of adolescent swimmers

Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis

Youth Developmental Experiences Among Female Hockey Players: The Role of Relative Age

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