Relative airborne losses of commercial 2,4-D formulations from a simulated wheat field

Gile, Jay D.

doi:10.1007/bf01057590

Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

1983

DOI: 10.1007/bf01057590

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Relative airborne losses of commercial 2,4-D formulations from a simulated wheat field

Jay D. Gile

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Cited by 5 publications

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Adjuvants and volatility of hormone herbicides

Schubert¹,

Erasmus²,

Dyk³

et al. 1993

Pestic. Sci.

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The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and reliable method for detecting the effect of adjuvants on the volatility of herbicides and to assess the efficacy of locally available adjuvants. Bioassays, using seed germination, were unsatisfactory for assessing the reduction of the volatility of the iso‐octyl ester of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D IOE) by adjuvants.Field trials and parallel trials under controlled conditions, together with chromatographic analyses of trapped herbicide vapour, were effective in assessing the efficacy of adjuvants. The adjuvants used were: a molasses‐based developmental sample of a feeding attractant and antidrift agent; a wax emulsion contributing to control of droplet size; an anionic gel‐based sticker and spreader made from kelp; an alkoxylated‐fatty alkylamine polymer marketed as a wetter and penetrator; an aqueous dispersion of waxes and surfactants which reduces drift and evaporation; a polyvinyl polymer for drift reduction; an emulsifiable beta‐pinene polymer and two different formulations of an adjuvant with buffering action. Experimental grass plots were sprayed with herbicide with or without adjuvants (used as controls). 2,4‐D vapour in the air above the plots was sampled and analysed by gas chromatography. Field trial results indicated that weather factors influenced the volatility of 2,4‐D IOE and that only the polyvinyl polymer decreased volatility for the duration of the trial. The adjuvant consisting of a dispersion of waxes and surfactants had no effect on the volatility of 2,4‐D IOE. The molasses‐based, wax emulsion, and beta‐pinene polymer‐based adjuvants caused an initial increase in 2,4‐D IOE vapour, but the volatility decreased after two hours. Trials performed in a portable glasshouse showed similar results, and also showed that a new formulation of an existing adjuvant with buffering action reduced volatility.

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Adjuvants and volatility of hormone herbicides

Schubert¹,

Erasmus²,

Dyk³

et al. 1993

Pestic. Sci.

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Air monitoring for pollution by auxin-type herbicides

Beer¹,

Smit²,

Dyk³

1992

Chemosphere

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A New Approach to Quantify Herbicide Volatility

Ouse¹,

Gifford²,

Schleier³

et al. 2018

Weed Technol

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Herbicide active ingredients, formulation type, ambient temperature, and humidity can influence volatility. A method was developed using volatility chambers to compare relative volatility of different synthetic auxin herbicide formulations in controlled environments. 2,4-D or dicamba acid vapors emanating after application were captured in air-sampling tubes at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after herbicide application. The 2,4-D or dicamba was extracted from sample tubes and quantified using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Volatility from 2,4-D dimethylamine (DMA) was determined to be greater than that of 2,4-D choline in chambers where temperatures were held at 30 or 40 C and relative humidity (RH) was 20% or 50%. Air concentration of 2,4-D DMA was 0.399 µg m−3at 40 C and 20% RH compared with 0.005 µg m−3for 2,4-D choline at the same temperature and humidity at 24 h after application. Volatility from 2,4-D DMA and 2,4-D choline increased as temperature increased from 30 to 40 C. However, volatility from 2,4-D choline was lower than observed from 2,4-D DMA. Volatility from 2,4-D choline at 40 C increased from 0.00458 to 0.0263 µg m−3and from 0.00341 to 0.025 µg m−3when humidity increased from 20% to 50% at 72 and 96 h after treatment, respectively, whereas, volatility from 2,4-D DMA tended to be higher at 20% RH compared with 50% RH. Air concentration of dicamba diglycolamine was similar at all time points when measured at 40 C and 20% RH. By 96 h after treatment, there was a trend for lower air concentration of dicamba compared with earlier timings. This method using volatility chambers provided good repeatability with low variability across replications, experiments, and herbicides.

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Relative airborne losses of commercial 2,4-D formulations from a simulated wheat field

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Adjuvants and volatility of hormone herbicides

Adjuvants and volatility of hormone herbicides

Air monitoring for pollution by auxin-type herbicides

A New Approach to Quantify Herbicide Volatility

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