“…In spite of the many chemical compounds tested in the framework of approach 4, the largest research effort has been placed on ethylenediurea (EDU) (Tiwari 2017 ). EDU sufficiently protected a wide array of plant species and numerous cultivars and genotypes against O 3 damage (Feng et al 2010 ; Manning et al 2011 ; Oksanen et al 2013 ; Singh et al 2015 ; Agathokleous 2017 ; Chaudhary and Rathore 2020 ). The vast majority of these studies concerns cultivated crop plants, while relatively few studies concern broadleaved tree species.…”
Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.) and its hybrid are economically important coniferous trees widely grown in the Northern Hemisphere. Ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations have increased since the pre-industrial era, and research projects showed that Japanese larch is susceptible to elevated O3 exposures. Therefore, methodologies are needed to (1) protect Japanese larch against O3 damage and (2) conduct biomonitoring of O3 in Japanese larch forests and, thus, monitor O3 risks to Japanese larch. For the first time, this study evaluates whether the synthetic chemical ethylenediurea (EDU) can protect Japanese larch against O3 damage, in two independent experiments. In the first experiment, seedling communities, simulating natural regeneration, were treated with EDU (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L−1) and exposed to either ambient or elevated O3 in a growing season. In the second experiment, individually-grown saplings were treated with EDU (0, 200 and 400 mg L−1) and exposed to ambient O3 in two growing seasons and to elevated O3 in the succeeding two growing seasons. The two experiments revealed that EDU concentrations of 200–400 mg L−1 could protect Japanese larch seedling communities and individual saplings against O3-induced inhibition of growth and productivity. However, EDU concentrations ≤ 200 mg L−1 did offer only partial protection when seedling communities were coping with higher level of O3-induced stress, and only 400 mg EDU L−1 fully protected communities under higher stress. Therefore, we conclude that among the concentrations tested the concentration offering maximum protection to Japanese larch plants under high competition and O3-induced stress is that of 400 mg EDU L−1. The results of this study can provide a valuable resource of information for applied forestry in an O3-polluted world.
“…In spite of the many chemical compounds tested in the framework of approach 4, the largest research effort has been placed on ethylenediurea (EDU) (Tiwari 2017 ). EDU sufficiently protected a wide array of plant species and numerous cultivars and genotypes against O 3 damage (Feng et al 2010 ; Manning et al 2011 ; Oksanen et al 2013 ; Singh et al 2015 ; Agathokleous 2017 ; Chaudhary and Rathore 2020 ). The vast majority of these studies concerns cultivated crop plants, while relatively few studies concern broadleaved tree species.…”
Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr.) and its hybrid are economically important coniferous trees widely grown in the Northern Hemisphere. Ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations have increased since the pre-industrial era, and research projects showed that Japanese larch is susceptible to elevated O3 exposures. Therefore, methodologies are needed to (1) protect Japanese larch against O3 damage and (2) conduct biomonitoring of O3 in Japanese larch forests and, thus, monitor O3 risks to Japanese larch. For the first time, this study evaluates whether the synthetic chemical ethylenediurea (EDU) can protect Japanese larch against O3 damage, in two independent experiments. In the first experiment, seedling communities, simulating natural regeneration, were treated with EDU (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L−1) and exposed to either ambient or elevated O3 in a growing season. In the second experiment, individually-grown saplings were treated with EDU (0, 200 and 400 mg L−1) and exposed to ambient O3 in two growing seasons and to elevated O3 in the succeeding two growing seasons. The two experiments revealed that EDU concentrations of 200–400 mg L−1 could protect Japanese larch seedling communities and individual saplings against O3-induced inhibition of growth and productivity. However, EDU concentrations ≤ 200 mg L−1 did offer only partial protection when seedling communities were coping with higher level of O3-induced stress, and only 400 mg EDU L−1 fully protected communities under higher stress. Therefore, we conclude that among the concentrations tested the concentration offering maximum protection to Japanese larch plants under high competition and O3-induced stress is that of 400 mg EDU L−1. The results of this study can provide a valuable resource of information for applied forestry in an O3-polluted world.
“…Neem oil as ozone protectants studies in different crops like cauli ower (Sethupathi et al, 2018) and in different plants and tree species of shola forest (Murugaragavan et al, 2018). Ascorbic acid as a source of vitamin c plays a vital role to reduce the ozone impact in plants such as groundnut (Chaudhary et al, 2020), Soyabean (Jiang et al, 2018), Wheat (Fatima et al, 2019), Arabidopsis (Bellini and Tullio, 2019), Cauli ower (Sethupathi et al, 2018). The application of ascorbic acid, neem oil, and panchagavya was done to assess their capability to reduce the ozone impact on garlic crops in this study.…”
A pot culture study was conducted at Horticultural Research Station, Ooty, to assess the effect of ground-level ozone on physiology in garlic plants and find out suitable remedial measures against ground-level ozone. The potting soil was acidic with very low salt concentration, very high in organic carbon, medium in nitrogen, phosphorus and high in potassium. Elevated ozone levels (150ppb and 200ppb) had significantly reduced the garlic plant chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, pungency and total soluble solids. The highest chlorophyll content (33.97µmolm-2) was observed under ambient ozone level(T1), and lowest chlorophyll content (12.68µmolm-2) was observed in elevated ozone exposure at 200 ppb(T3), highest stomatal conductance (0.45mmol m-2s-1) was recorded in Ambient Ozone level+foliar spray 3%Panchagavya(T4), and lowest stomatal conductance (0.11mmolm-2s-1) was observed in elevated ozone exposure at 200 ppb(T3).Since the elevated ozone had a significant reduction in photosynthetic rate in garlic, lowest was observed (0.82µmolCO2 s-1m-2) in T3-Elevated ozone exposure at 200 ppb and the highest photosynthetic rate (3.02µmolCO2 s-1m-2) was observed in treatment T4-Ambient Ozone level+foliar spray 3%Panchagavya after a week. When coming to quality of garlic bulbs, highest pungency content was found in Ambient Ozone level+foliar spray 0.1%Ascorbic acid and lowest was observed in Elevated ozone exposure at 200 ppb(T3) furthermore, in observing garlic quality where total soluble solids (TSS) showed that the treatment Ambient Ozone level+foliar spray 3%Panchagavya (40.00°Brix) as highest and treatment Elevated ozone exposure at 200 ppb(T3) recorded the lowest. Thus, tropospheric ozone has detrimental impact on physiological responses, which will reduce crop growth and yield. The ozone protectants helped in scavenging the O3 from apoplast of the crops. Among the ozone protectants, neem oil acted as a good ozone scavenger followed by ascorbic acid and panchagavya to improve the physiological response of garlic plants under elevated tropospheric ozone levels.
“… Figure 2 Types of chemicals tested against their efficacy in protecting plants against O 3 -induced phytotoxicity. The figure was created based on published literatures [ 14 , 15 , 20 , 33 , 51 ]. …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Phenylurea is a component of ethylenediurea (the chemical structure can be found in [ 22 ]), which was also shown, in some studies, to protect plants against O 3 -induced injury [ 23 , 33 ]. While studies show that phenylurea is not as effective as ethylenediurea, those studies included only doses of phenylurea equal to the applied doses of ethylenediurea.…”
Elevated ground-level ozone (O
3
) pollution can adversely affect plants and inhibit plant growth and productivity, threatening food security and ecological health. It is therefore essential to develop measures to protect plants against O
3
-induced adverse effects. Here we summarize the current status of phytoprotection against O
3
-induced adverse effects, and consider recent scientific and engineering advances, to provide a novel perspective for maximizing plant health while reducing environmental/ecological risks in an O
3
-polluted world. We suggest that nano-science and nano-technology can provide a new dimension in the protection of plants against O
3
-induced adverse effects, and recommend that new studies are based upon a
green chemistry
perspective.
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