“…After MARPE became a generally-accepted approach, cases with maxillary transverse de ciency or borderline Class III cases could be resolved with non-surgical skeletal expansion and maxillary protraction in adolescent and young adult patients. 11,13,[32][33][34][35][36] Several researchers have investigated key factors affecting the success rate of MSE, including the appliance itself, the anteroposterior position of mini-implants, the bi-cortical vs. mono-cortical penetration of mini-implants, bone thickness, sex, chronological age, and activation frequency, all of which affect the nal result of expansion. 26,27,37,38 Among them, the bone thickness or density and the gender or age of a patient cannot be controlled.…”