Relative Energy Requirements for an Erythemal Response of Skin to Monochromatic Wave Lengths of Ultraviolet Present in the Solar Spectrum**From the Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.

Freeman, Robert G.; Owens, Donald W.; Knox, John M.; Hudson, Hugh T.

doi:10.1038/jid.1966.189

Cited by 69 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…cm^^, as expressed at 260 nm. This agreed with the average value giveu by Freeman et al (1966) for a monochromatic source at 260 nm.…”

Section: Calculation Of Light Dosage From Complex Sourcessupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Furthermore, since erythemal reactions in pigmented skin are either difficult to see or entirely inhibited, we needed a method of deciding its importance, or otherwise finding a substitute for redness in studying reactions to light. Freeman et al (1966) have published a revised action spectrum for minimal erythema. They found that the most efficient wavelength was 260 nm.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reactions to Light on the Normal and Pellagrous Bantu Skin

1969

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SUMMARY. In dark skinned subjects, delayed or “secondary” pigmentation from ultra‐violet light may be the only clinical sign of sunburn. It results from necrobiosis limited to the outer Malpighian layer and hardly extends deeper than this even when the dose exceeds the maximum possible from a day's natural sunshine. Preceding erythema is not merely masked by the pigment, but is often virtually absent. On the background of this natural skin resistance, the hyperkeratotic pellagrous lesion is interpreted as a marked reaction to mild or repeated ultraviolet injury followed by retention and ultimate cracking of the abnormal layers so produced. These layers are formed below the normal stratum granulosum when the initial damage is severe, but lie above the new stratum granulosum which forms underneath as the cells keratinize.

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“…cm^^, as expressed at 260 nm. This agreed with the average value giveu by Freeman et al (1966) for a monochromatic source at 260 nm.…”

Section: Calculation Of Light Dosage From Complex Sourcessupporting

confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions to Light on the Normal and Pellagrous Bantu Skin

1969

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“…Similar findings are rejiorted by Everett et al (1965). Sayre et al (1966) and Freeman et al, (1966). It would seem, therefore, that in our 10 patients the sensitivity to normal sunburn wavelengths, as far as erythema is concerned, has no special features.…”

Section: Photosensitivitymentioning

confidence: 46%

"Actinic Reticuloid": A Chronic Dkhmatosis Associated With Severe Photosensitivity and the Histological Resemblance to Lymphoma

et al. 1969

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Ten elderly male patients with severe persistent photosensitivity of unknown cause are described. The clinical presentation was that of an intense eczematous eruption affecting exposed sites but spreading elsewhere. Frequent episodes of erythroderma were characteristic and in some cases the marked thickening and ridging of the exposed skin simulated a lymphoma. In contrast to most other photodermatoses the photosensitivity extended through the u.v. to the visible spectrum. A wide range of histological changes were noted, in several instances closely resembling lymphoma because of the intensity and pleomorphisni of the infiltrate.OUR purpose is to describe a group of elderly male patients wlio developed chronic ])hotosensitivit3^ which, when the clinical changes were severe, suggested lymphoma. Additional features were the severity and wide spectral range of the photosensitivity and the intense dermal intiltrate whieh often showed a histologieal resemblance to retieulosis.Similar instances of photosensitivity inducing lymphoma-Iike reactions do not seem to have been described in detail previously and are not mentioned among the eommon patterns of ])hotosensitivity reviewed by Kesten and Slatkin (1953). However. Lamb and colleagues (1057) recorded 3 eases of photosensitivity in which the histological intiltrate showed retieular eells, plasma cells and eosinoi)hils and simulated '' lymplioblastoma ". Andrews and Domonkos (1963) also noted a similar instance. Wiskemann (196S) has kindly drawn our attention to 2 patients whom he has studied. Tliey, it seems, bear a elose resemblance to the patients we describe here and bad reticulosis-like reactions provoked by longwave u.v.r. and visible light (Meinhof, 1962; Wiskemann, 19r>5).

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“…Kumler andDaniels (1948) andFreeman et al (1966) have shown that the peak of the so called sunburn curve is at 30S nm. That is, maximum solar erythema production occurs at a wavelength of 308 nm.…”

Section: The Ideal Sunscreenmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Selection and Evaluation of Ultraviolet Absorbers

Groves

1973

Australas J Dermatol

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Brisbane SUMMARYThe development and evaluation of chemical agents, intended for use as absorbers of ultraviolet radiation, has made considerable progress since the first sunscreen formulation appeared in 1928. The intended function of these agents is the reduction of erythemogenic radiation, to permit individuals whose skin is not accustomed to the sun to expose themselves to prolonged solar radiation without developing dangerous erythema. The purpose of this paper is to disouss briefly certain aspects of the nature of the agents employed for this purpose, the factors infiuencing their effectiveness, and the methods employed to evaluate the effectiveness. The Ideal SunscreenThe qualities which an ideal sunscreen should possess are shown in Table 1. Kumler andDaniels (1948) andFreeman et al. (1966) have shown that the peak of the so called sunburn curve is at 30S nm. That is, maximum solar erythema production occurs at a wavelength of 308 nm. This value may vary slightly depending npon altitude and in Queensland is around 305 nm. The curve is a rather narrow one with the base extending from ap])roximately 290 to 326 nm. An ideal sunscreen agent will absorb all the radiation in this range and will show its peak absorption between 305 and 308 nm. TABLE lThe Ideal Suvsereen 1. It must filter out tho rays causing sunburn, which are those in the region from 290 to 330 nm. 2. It should be stable in the presence of tight, air, and moisture, or if it is decomposed under these conditions, the decomposition i)rodncts should have comparable absorption to the orignai in tlie 290 to 330 nm. region 3. It should have very slight or no absorption for the long ultraviolet rays beyond 340 nni., which are thought to produce tanning without appreciable erytliema 4. The compound and decomposition products which may be produced under conditions of use should be non-toxic and non-irritating 5. It should be nearly neutral so untoward effects are not produced by the presence of acid or base on the skin 6. It should have good solubility in the ointment base or vehicle in which it is to be formulated and shouJd have a low water solubility to prevent rapid removal by perspiration 7. It should be relatively non-volatile so it wiil not evaporate under conditions of use 8. It should not be rapidly absorbed by the skin For those individuals without abnormal sensitivity to solar radiation, the ideal sunscreen agent will jjermit the transmission of all radiation above 320 nm. Eadiation in tliis range, commonly referred to as the UV-A range, is capable of augmenting pigmentation directly once autogenous pigment formation has been initiated by the UV-B radiation, the range between 290 aud 320 nm. Pigment particles in the skin are darkened by the longer wavelengths, thus increasing the defensive mechanism of the skin against erythema. Individuals vary greatly in their sensitivity to direct pigmentation

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Relative Energy Requirements for an Erythemal Response of Skin to Monochromatic Wave Lengths of Ultraviolet Present in the Solar Spectrum**From the Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.

Cited by 69 publications

References 7 publications

Reactions to Light on the Normal and Pellagrous Bantu Skin

Reactions to Light on the Normal and Pellagrous Bantu Skin

"Actinic Reticuloid": A Chronic Dkhmatosis Associated With Severe Photosensitivity and the Histological Resemblance to Lymphoma

The Selection and Evaluation of Ultraviolet Absorbers

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