Relative fatality risk curve to describe the effect of change in the impact speed on fatality risk of pedestrians struck by a motor vehicle

The relation between speed environment, age and injury outcome for bicyclists struck by a motorized vehicle – a comparison with pedestrians

“…Also, this is the risk of given injury severity, given that there were some injuries, it is likely that the probability of 'no injury' is influenced by the speed as well, thereby influencing those risk values. There are some interpretational limitations to risk curves like those, such as underreporting, measurement errors and that they are mainly based on data from urban speed environments and the risk values at higher speeds should therefore be considered to be uncertain, see Kröyer et al (2014).…”

“…The relationship between impact speed and fatality risk for struck pedestrians has been the topic of dozens of studies (see Kröyer et al, 2014;Rosén et al, 2011), while only one study was found that focused on this relationship for struck bicyclists. It showed cyclists to have generally lower risk of serious injuries or fatality (Rosén, 2013).…”

“…The impact speed is important since that is the factor that most directly controls the force or bluntness of the impact and thereby the injuries sustained. There are however some problems regarding estimating risk against impact speed, see Kröyer et al (2014). Even though the impact speed is the factor that is most directly related to the injuries, a relation towards mean travel speed is more practical for design and speed policy purposes.…”

Seemingly irrational driving behavior model: The effect of habit strength and anticipated affective reactions

“…Another incorrect behavioral belief commonly seen among drivers is the underestimation of being involved in a fatal crash (Chan et al, 2010); that is, drivers may be unaware of the exponentially increasing chance of being involved in a fatal crash with the increase of speed (Kröyer et al, 2014). Enhancing driver awareness about the chances of a fatal crash may help drivers devalue the behavior of speeding.…”

Pedestrian fatality and impact speed squared: Cloglog modeling from French national data

“…For speeds less than 40 km/h, as data representative of all crashes resulting in injury were used, the estimated risk of death was fairly low. However, although the curve seems deceptively flat below 50 km/h, the risk of death in fact doubled when speed rose from 30 to 40 km/h, and was multiplied by 6 between 30 and 50 km/h; speed/risk curves are therefore to be interpreted with the greatest caution (Kröyer et al 2014). …”