Relative growth of the tendinal cell and muscle in larval<i>Artemia</i>

Freeman, John A.; Whittington, Caroline; MacRae, Thomas H.

doi:10.1080/07924259.1995.9672483

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In contrast to extracellular collagen tendons of vertebrates, invertebrates have specialized epithelial cells that serve as “cellular tendons” connecting muscle cells to the exoskeleton (e.g., cuticle or shell). Among invertebrates, the ultrastructure of tendon cells has been described for different groups: crustaceans (Castejón et al, 2021; Criel et al, 2005; Freeman et al, 1995; Koulish, 1973; Nakazawa et al, 1992; Okada, 1983; Rossner & Sherman, 1976; Talbot et al, 1972; Yamada & Keyser, 2009), hexapods (Auber, 1963; Caveney, 1969; Fyrberg et al, 1990; Mogami et al, 1981; Reedy & Beall, 1993; Shafiq, 1963; Smit & Akster, 1974), chelicerates (Beadle, 1973; Kuo et al, 1971; Smith et al, 1969), pycnogonids (Fahrenbach, 1994; Totland & Kryvi, 1986), tardigrades (Greven & Grohé, 1975; Shaw, 1974), pentastomids (Banaja & Riley, 1974), mollusks (Bonar, 1978; Tompa & Watabe, 1976), annelids (Bubel, 1983; Jouin, 1978), and echinoderms (Stauber & Märkel, 1988). These cells possess a specific cytoskeleton, including numerous bundles of tonofilaments and/or microtubules, and form interdigitations with the muscle cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small, but smart: Fine structure of an avicularium in Dendrobeania fruticosa (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

Shunatova

Serova

Denisova

et al. 2021

Journal of Morphology

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Bryozoans are small benthic suspension‐feeding colonial animals. Among this phylum, there are representatives showing a lesser or greater degree of polymorphism, and the most common type of polymorphic zooids is the avicularium. Here we present a detailed description of the bird's‐head shaped avicularium in Dendrobeania fruticosa. The body cavity of the avicularium demonstrates an acoelomate condition: along the cystid walls, there is neither the layer of extracellular matrix toward the epidermis, nor coelomic lining. However, a layer of extracellular matrix and epithelialized cells lie under the epidermis of the tentacle sheath. Probably, such construction helps the tentacle sheath to acquire some rigidity—it is the only region of the body wall without an ectocyst. We did not find typical funicular strands in the avicularium, but there is a delicate mesh composed of stellate cells with thin and long projections, which sometimes isolate the spaces filled with a heterogeneous matrix. The proximal ends of the adductors, abductors, and polypide retractors are attached to the body wall via typical epidermal tendon cells, which possess numerous bundles of tonofilaments. The distal ends of the abductors and adductors attach to the frontal membrane or upper vestibular membrane, respectively. The inner organic layer of the ectocyst in these regions forms large protrusions, from which numerous thin outgrowths branch off. We suggest them to be a functional analogue of apodemes and apodemal filaments in arthropods. “Apodemal” tendon cells have long and thin projections that line the outgrowths of the ectocyst and surround the distal ends of the muscle cells. At these sites, “apodemal” tendon cells possess numerous tonofilaments. The vestigial polypide includes the tentacle sheath, rudimentary lophophore, cerebral ganglion, and polypide retractors. The sensory part of 5HT‐positive cells of the frontal membrane is dendrite‐shaped and embedded in the inner organic layer of the ectocyst.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small, but smart: Fine structure of an avicularium in Dendrobeania fruticosa (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

Shunatova

Serova

Denisova

et al. 2021

Journal of Morphology

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“…1969;Taylor and Taylor, 1992). Other specialized cells include tendinal cells that attach muscles to the cuticle (Freeman et al. 1995), cells that form the setal shaft (Tchernigovtzeff.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Differentiation Is a Primary Growth Process in Developing Limbs of Artemia

Freeman¹

2005

The Biological Bulletin

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The limb of the brine shrimp Artemia develops over a four-instar period when the protopod, endite, exopod, endopod, and epipod are defined and cell differentiation (change in cell shape) occurs. To understand the importance of cell differentiation in limb growth, development of the epidermis was studied in the first thoracopod of instar V-VIII larvae. Each region was established by instar V, and the larval epidermal cells developed into general epidermal (GEC), tendinal, setal, or transport cells by instar VI. Basal extensions of the GECs formed pillar structures. The epidermal cells decreased in height from 10 to 4 microm by instar VI. Increase in length and width resulted from both cell replication and expansion of the apical cell surface in differentiating cells. Growth occurred mainly by cell replication in instar V, whereas expansion of the cell surface in GEC and setae was the major growth process in instar VII. Increase in apical cell surface area occurred primarily by change in cell shape from columnar to squamous during instar V and by increase in total cell surface in subsequent instars. The results demonstrated that cell differentiation is a significant component of growth during limb development.

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“…The cuticular exoskeleton of arthropods is connected to underlying muscle by tendon cells, the latter containing bundles of microtubules and microfilaments oriented parallel to their long axes and extending from basal to apical surfaces, with both membrane domains displaying structurally specialized attachment regions (Lai-Fook, 1967;Caveney, 1969;Smith et al, 1969;Talbot et al, 1972;Koulish, 1973;Bubel, 1975;Fryberg et al, 1990;Nakazawa et al, 1992;Reedy and Beall, 1993;Nakazawa and Ishikawa, 1993;Freeman et al, 1995;Mykles et al, 2000;Tucker et al, 2004). Transalar tendon cells within Drosophila wing blades (Mogensen and Tucker, 1988;Mogensen et al, 1989;Fristrom et al, 1993) and Artemia exopodites (this study) connect apposing layers, as is true for the supporting epidermis of brown shrimp branchiostegite (Talbot et al, 1972).…”

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Spatial organization and isotubulin composition of microtubules in epidermal tendon cells ofArtemia franciscana

2004

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Epidermally derived tendon cells attach the exoskeleton (cuticle) of the Branchiopod crustacean, Artemia franciscana, to underlying muscle in the hindgut, while the structurally similar transalar tendon (epithelial) cells, which also arise from the epidermis and are polarized, connect dorsal and ventral exopodite surfaces. To establish these latter attachments the transalar tendon cells interact with cuticles on opposite sides of the exopodite by way of their apical surfaces and with one another via basal regions, or the cuticle attachments may be mediated through linkages with phagocytic storage cells found in the hemolymph. In some cases, phyllopod tendon cells attach directly to muscle cells. Tendon cells in the hindgut of Artemia possess microtubule bundles, as do the transalar cells, and they extend from the basal myotendinal junction to the apical domain located near the cuticle. The bundled microtubules intermingle with thin filaments reminiscent of microfilaments, but intermediate filament-like structures are absent. Microtubule bundles converging at apical cell surfaces contact structures termed apical invaginations, composed of cytoplasmic membrane infoldings associated with electron-dense material. Intracuticular rods protrude from apical invaginations, either into the cuticle during intermolt or the molting fluid in premolt. Confocal microscopy of immunofluorescently stained samples revealed tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and acetylated tubulins, the first time posttranslationally modified isoforms of this protein have been demonstrated in crustacean tendon cells. Microfilaments, as shown by staining with phalloidin, coincided spatially with microtubule bundles. Artemia tendon cells clearly represent an interesting system for study of cytoskeleton organization within the context of cytoplasmic polarity and the results in this article indicate functional cooperation of microtubules and microfilaments. These cytoskeletal elements, either acting independently or in concert, may transmit tension from muscle to cuticle in the hindgut and resist compression when connecting exopodite cuticular surfaces.

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Relative growth of the tendinal cell and muscle in larvalArtemia

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Small, but smart: Fine structure of an avicularium in Dendrobeania fruticosa (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

Small, but smart: Fine structure of an avicularium in Dendrobeania fruticosa (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

Cell Differentiation Is a Primary Growth Process in Developing Limbs of Artemia

Spatial organization and isotubulin composition of microtubules in epidermal tendon cells ofArtemia franciscana

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