“…Implied volatility has also been demonstrated to be an upward biased predictor of future realized volatility, see e.g., Canina and Figlewski (1993). More recently, research has focused on the predictive information content of the implied volatility skew, e.g., Xing, Zhang, and Zhao (2010) and Ratcli (2013). Higher order moments of the risk-neutral distribution, based on the results in Bakshi, Kapadia, and Madan (2003), have been investigated in Rehman and Vilkov (2012) and Conrad, Dittmar, and Ghysels (2013).…”