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iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry
IntroductionAssessment of natural forest expansion represents a crucial issue to elucidate several processes, including biogeochemical cycles, atmospheric composition related to climate change, and forest carbon uptake, as well as socio-economic processes and issues. Anthropogenic and naturally induced land cover changes affect spatial and temporal distribution and availability of environmental resources, and alter ecosystem composition and productivity. Globally, these processes can be considered the primary catalysts for change in biogeochemical cycling, atmospheric composition, and climate (Pielke 2005, Metz et al. 2007, Turner et al. 2007). Forest land-use and land-cover change (LU-LCC) were recognised as key issues in greenhouse gas removal/emission processes as specified by the Good Practices Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (GPG-LULUCF) during the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) established at the Kyoto Protocol (Penman et al. 2003). Observation and assessment of forest cover changes are crucial to elucidate the complexities inherent in feedback processes between forest distribution and human activities in sustainable forest development, natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem functioning, and biogeochemical cycling (IPCC 2007). In Mediterranean regions, natural forest expansion is primarily related to the abandonment of agricultural practices and cattle-raising in marginal areas representing the principal change in Italy's Mediterranean rural landscape over the past five decades (Piussi 2005). These processes generally vary in terms of the vegetation successional series and time scale, however the expansion dynamics are shared, beginning with an initial phase of spontaneous shrub dominance, followed by tree colonisation (Biondi et al. 2006).In recent decades, satellite-based high-resolution observations with multispectral scanners provided the scientific community with consistent data to implement detailed thematic mapping for local and regional scale land classification (Friedl et al. 2002, 2010, Lu & Weng 2007, Giri 2012. The near infrared wavebands on the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) facilitates advanced land classification analyses based on differences in spectral reflectance of different land cover types. In particular, specific foliar reflectance, pigment absorptions, and foliar moisture wavelength ranges represent the basis of vegetation class analyses. Furthermore, the availability of such land cover data at different spatial and temporal scales promotes the development and implementation of vegetation change detection techniques, which furthers our understanding on vegetation and ecosystem dynamics (Cohen & Fiorella 1998, Coppin et al. 2004, Lu et al. 2004, Martinez & Gilabert 2009).In forest ecosystems, land cover change dynamic detection based on visual and statistical approaches represents a challenge to the scientific community due to the difficulties in remotely sensed image acquisition err...