“…They contradict the expected results from the existing electrochemical models because slower oxidation rates were attained from deeper reduced initial states . Those unusual electrochemical responses were attributed to structural memory effects, relaxation processes,,, hysteresis effects,, or first cycle effect,, being considered as “anomalous” electrochemical responses ,,,. Similar singular electrochemical responses were also attained from carbon nanotubes, graphenes, or bipyridyl bilayers .…”