Relaxor characteristics and pyroelectric energy harvesting performance of BaTi0.91Sn0.09O3 ceramic

Enhanced electrocaloric effect, energy storage density and pyroelectric response from a domain-engineered lead-free BaTi0.91Sn0.08Zr0.01O3 ferroelectric ceramic

“…The potential energy harvesting based on the Olsen cycle in various BT-based ceramics is presented in Table 4. 31,71,93–95 It can be seen that N D of the prepared BTSZ ceramic is comparable to those of other BT-based bulk ceramics. The normalized energy harvest per unit of temperature change as well as the normalized energy harvest per unit of electric field change were calculated to evaluate the significance of our ceramic in the field of energy recovery.…”

“…Fundamentally, several physical factors of the specimen, including doping, nature of polar, crystal structure, developed domains and ordering and range of involved dipolar interaction affect the degree of polarization. The total energy density ( W tot ), the recoverable energy density ( W rec ) and the efficiency of energy storage ( η ) of the ferroelectric material are estimated from the following equations: 31,54 …”

“…2 exhibited a good densification, with well interconnected grains and no notable voids or anomalies, as well as a bimodal grain size distribution (bigger grains coexist with smaller grains). The introduction of Zr into BTS resulted in the increase of the grain size from 0.6 μm for pure BTS 31 to 18.56 μm for BTSZ.…”

“…Our studied is comparable to the works of Wei Cai et al 56 Table 1 lists some lead-free ceramic materials' reported literature energy storage capabilities. 31,[57][58][59][60][61] Thus, these results suggest that BTSZ ceramic is a potential candidate for capacitor operations such as ltering, voltage smoothing, coupling, decoupling, DC blocking and power conditioning Fig. 6 Temperature dependence of W rec , and h for the BTSZ ceramic.…”

“…Sn 4+ and/or Zr 4+ have been shown to lower T C and increase T R–O and T O–T temperatures. 30 When 0.09 mol of Sn 4+ is introduced to a Ba(Ti 1− x Sn x )O 3 (BTS x ) ceramic, 31 all phase transitions of BT change to 40 °C, whereas when 0.10 mol of Zr 4+ is added to a Ba(Ti 1− x Zr x )O 3 (BTZ x ) system, 30 phase transitions shift, respectively, to 60 °C, 75 °C and 90 °C. T R–O and T O–T show a clearly faster drop in T C and a slower increase in BTS x than in BTZ x .…”