Release of cortical catecholamines by visual stimulation requires activity in thalamocortical afferents of monkey and cat

Marrocco, Richard T.; Lane, Ross F.; McClurkin, J. W.; Blaha, Charles D.; Alkire, Michael F.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.07-09-02756.1987

Cited by 46 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In particular, Cooke and Quastel (1973; but see Somjen, 1979) proposed that K+ accumulation during EPSP generation may increase the release of ACh at the rat neuromuscular junction. A similar mechanism could operate et al -Cellular Analogs of Orientation Selectivity Plasticity in visual cortex, since increases in catecholamine levels have the prediction that there is a threshold of angular separation been demonstrated during specific activation of thalamic affer-between S+ and S below which no significant modification can ents (Marrocco et al, 1987). However, in view of the mainly occur.…”

Section: Validation Of the Covariance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 92%

Cellular analogs of visual cortical epigenesis. I. Plasticity of orientation selectivity

et al. 1992

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A differential pairing procedure was applied in vivo to individual neurons in the primary visual cortex of anesthetized paralyzed cats, in order to produce changes in their relative orientation preference. While we recorded from a single cell, its visual response to a light bar was driven iontophoretically to a "high" level when stimulating with an initially nonpreferred orientation (S+), and alternately reduced to a "low" level when stimulating with the preferred orientation (S). This associative procedure was devised to test the possible role of neuronal coactivity in controlling the plasticity of orientation selectivity. Among 87 cells tested, 35 (40%) showed significant long-lasting changes, either in the relative orientation preference for the two "paired" stimuli S+ and S-, in the global orientation tuning profile, or in both. Measurements of relative orientation preference demonstrated significant effects in 27 cells (31%), all in favor of the positively reinforced orientation (S+). Modifications of orientation selectivity (studied over the entire orientation spectrum in 45 of the conditioned cells) usually consisted (21 out of 25 modified cells) of a competitive reorganization of the orientation tuning curve: the preferred orientation shifted toward S+, and a loss of relative visual responsiveness was observed for orientations close to the negatively reinforced orientation (S-). The largest changes were found in deprived kittens at the peak of the critical period, although the probability of inducing a significant change studied during the first year of postnatal life was independent of age. These functional modifications demonstrated at the cellular level are analogous to those induced by a global manipulation of the visual environment, when only a restricted spectrum of orientations is experienced during the critical period. Our results support the hypothesis that covariance levels between pre- and postsynaptic activity determine the sign and the amplitude of the modification of efficacy of cortical synapses.

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Section: Validation Of the Covariance Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 92%

Cellular analogs of visual cortical epigenesis. I. Plasticity of orientation selectivity

et al. 1992

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“…Changes in catecholamines were monitored using electrochemical recordings that cannot differentiate between dopamine and noradrenaline (Fox and Wightman 2017). Our results indicate that catecholamine changes measured in V1 by Marrocco et al (1987) can likely be attributed to noradrenaline rather than dopamine. For reference, electrochemical recording studies in brain areas with a high noradrenaline to dopamine ratio (approximately 10:1 or greater) attribute electrochemical changes to noradrenaline release (Park et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Our data can be used is to improve interpretation of functional studies. For example, Marrocco et al (1987) demonstrated catecholamine release in macaque V1 but not V2 in response to visual stimuli. Changes in catecholamines were monitored using electrochemical recordings that cannot differentiate between dopamine and noradrenaline (Fox and Wightman 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our results indicate that V2 exhibits similar, if not higher, levels of noradrenaline when compared to V1 and a favorable noradrenaline to dopamine ratio (Figure 4A). When these data are combined with evidence that V2 exhibits denser noradrenergic innervation than V1, it seems unlikely that Marrocco et al (1987) would have experienced difficulty measuring a noradrenergic signal change in V2 had it existed. In this way, our data point to the utility of connecting macaque neurochemical characterization to studies of cortical function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variations in neuromodulatory chemical signatures define compartments in macaque cortex

Ward

Zinke

Coppola

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Subcortical neuromodulatory systems exhibit widespread projections that influence the output of cortical circuits. These modulatory systems have been portrayed as providing global signals to the entirety of cortex based on their widespread innervation. This innervation is not necessarily predictive of the levels of the neuromodulatory molecules that actually provide these signals to cortex. In the present study, we examine tissue concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin to see how they locally vary across multiple areas of the macaque cortex. Our results indicate that different cortical areas exhibit varying levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. Using cluster analysis, we examine how similar cortical regions are to each other, finding that similarities in neurochemical content are shared by areas that exhibit similar functionality. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that neurochemical signatures vary across cortical regions and help define unique, local neuromodulatory signaling compartments. IntroductionIn examining how subcortical neuromodulatory nuclei influence cortex, early interpretations position these modulatory systems as general influencers or conveyors of global signals (Saper 1987). Such roles in cortical signaling have been ascribed to the cholinergic (Phillis 1968), dopaminergic (Schultz 2002), noradrenergic (Freedman et al. 1975, Jones and Moore 1977, Gatter and Powell 1977, and serotonergic (Wilson and Molliver 1991) systems. Assertions of global neuromodulatory signaling are often based on observation of diffuse axonal innervation of the cortex by these subcortical nuclei; however, innervation density and pattern do not describe the modulatory signal itself. The modulatory signal is instead represented by the moment-to-moment extracellular concentrations of the molecules those axons release: acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. It is not known whether extracellular concentration can be predicted based on innervation density, but there are data to support why this might not be the case (reviewed by Coppola et al. 2016). In the end, the ability to assess hypotheses related to the global vs. local nature of signaling requires direct measurement of these neurochemicals in cortex.Efforts to understand cortical neuromodulation in non-human primates and humans are currently dominated by approaches that detail the circuit elements surrounding neuromodulatory signals. In histological studies, influences of neuromodulatory systems are extrapolated from descriptions of axonal innervation by subcortical modulatory nuclei and receptor expression by the receiving cortical circuit. Electrophysiological studies can describe activity of neurons in the neuromodulatory nuclei and the response of the cortical circuits into which these nuclei send axons. Often absent from both types of study is a description of the concentration dynamics of the signaling molecules themselves. Without information about the molecules that transfer the signal between innervating axon and...

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“…These structures are therefore capable of influencing vast areas of the brain at once (Foote et al 1983). There is evidence however, that the functional influence of some of these neuromodulators can be localized to specific circuits in the brain (Marrocco et al 1987), including good evidence for this in the song system (Shea and Margoliash 2003a; Cardin and Schmidt 2004). This implies that neuromodulator systems can have both global and local influences on song system function.…”

Section: The Transition To Offline Processing: a Possible Role Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep, off-line processing, and vocal learning

Margoliash

Schmidt

2010

Brain and Language

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The study of song learning and the neural song system has provided an important comparative model system for the study of speech and language acquisition. We describe some recent advances in the bird song system, focusing on the role of offline processing including sleep in processing sensory information and in guiding developmental song learning. These observations motivate a new model of the organization and role of the sensory memories in vocal learning.

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Release of cortical catecholamines by visual stimulation requires activity in thalamocortical afferents of monkey and cat

Cited by 46 publications

References 51 publications

Cellular analogs of visual cortical epigenesis. I. Plasticity of orientation selectivity

Cellular analogs of visual cortical epigenesis. I. Plasticity of orientation selectivity

Variations in neuromodulatory chemical signatures define compartments in macaque cortex

Sleep, off-line processing, and vocal learning

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