Release of toxic ions from silver solder used in orthodontics: An in-situ evaluation

Freitas, Maria Perpétua Mota; Oshima, Hugo Mitsuo Silva; Menezes, Luciane Macedo de

doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.06.024

Cited by 48 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The results of the few existing toxicity studies that compared laser welding and silver soldering methods support this result. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Sestini et al 18 noted that laser welding was the only well-tolerated bonding method, whereas silver soldering was highly toxic to all types of cells. Bagatin et al 19 used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy in an in vivo study in which they investigated the corrosion of silver soldered Haas expanders in patients using antimicrobial agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal ion release from silver soldering and laser welding caused by different types of mouthwash

Erdogan

Nalbantgil

Ulkur

et al. 2014

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To compare metal ion release from samples welded with silver soldering and laser welding when immersed into mouthwashes with different ingredients. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 samples were prepared: 36 laser welded and 36 silver soldered. Four samples were chosen from each subgroup to study the morphologic changes on their surfaces via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Each group was further divided into four groups where the samples were submerged into mouthwash containing sodium fluoride (NaF), mouthwash containing sodium fluoride + alcohol (NaF + alcohol), mouthwash containing chlorhexidine (CHX), or artificial saliva (AS) for 24 hours and removed thereafter. Subsequently, the metal ion release from the samples was measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The metal ion release among the solutions and the welding methods were compared. The Kruskal-Wallis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used for the group comparisons, and post hoc Dunn multiple comparison test was utilized for the two group comparisons. Results: The level of metal ion release from samples of silver soldering was higher than from samples of laser welding. Furthermore, greater amounts of nickel, chrome, and iron were released from silver soldering. With regard to the mouthwash solutions, the lowest amounts of metal ions were released in CHX, and the highest amounts of metal ions were released in NaF + alcohol. SEM images were in accord with these findings. Conclusions: The laser welding should be preferred over silver soldering. CHX can be recommended for patients who have welded appliances for orthodontic reasons. (Angle Orthod. 2015;85:665-672.)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal ion release from silver soldering and laser welding caused by different types of mouthwash

Erdogan

Nalbantgil

Ulkur

et al. 2014

The Angle Orthodontist

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“…However, the orthodontic devices would permanently interact with the chemical and physical stimulations of oral physiological environment, such as variable pH values, dietary intake, temperature, dental plaque, mechanical fatigue and so on [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] , thus a question arises about potential biosafety considerations for such a therapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Nickel Ion Evaluation of Adolescents during the Initial Period of Orthodontic Fixed Treatment

Guo

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2014

J. Hard Tissue Biology.

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Biocompatibility and resistance to biodeterioration of materials has been studied using various approaches, including the analysis of various markers of exposure, both in vitro and in vivo. The possible release of trace elements during orthodontic treatment and their potential toxicity to patients have been an increasing concern. The wide range of appliances routinely used during orthodontic treatment is typically made of alloys which may contain cobalt, chromium, iron, nickel, and titanium, of which the major concern is nickel. Nickel concentrations in humans undergoing orthodontic treatment have been assessed in many investigations, although few have specifically examined urine specimens. Urinary nickel concentrations can reflect systemic levels in whole organisms, and as a non-invasive means of study, urine analysis can easily achieve the compliance of participants and guardians. In addition, the predominant metabolic route of nickel is through the kidneys. Therefore, urinary samples are seen as a good indicator for monitoring trace metals released from orthodontic appliances. According to the literature, metal ions are released only in the initial stage of the treatment. Thus, the duration of our study was limited to the first 6 months of treatment. Since urinary nickel levels of adolescents in the initial period of fixed orthodontic treatment are being investigated and reported for the first time in this paper, the aim of our study is to quantitatively evaluate urinary nickel levels and further to summarize the dynamic metabolic regularity of systemic nickel for adolescents in the initial period of fixed orthodontic treatment.

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“…The constitution of corrosion pits and their relatively small Ag weight percentage might imply that silver is the corroding element, but, according to Vahed et al [2], Cu-rich areas are most likely to be the origin of corrosion attack, resulting in copper selective leaching. Even though Ag and Zn ions are not thought to be harmful [7,15], Cu 2 + is known for its mutagenic properties [15] and ease to corrode [8]. It has been proven that in human saliva copper is the most intensively dissolving element from silver solders [7].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it has been proven that the presence of soldered joints causes greater susceptibility to corrosion [6]. The phenomenon of corrosion in the oral cavity is described as a complex electrolytic occurrence of total or partial degradation of an alloy, leading to the release of ions [7]. Corrosive dissolution can be caused by numerous factors, e.g., surface finish [8], internal stresses [9], pH [10], temperature [10][11] and composition of the immersion solution, soldering and thermal treatment [7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phenomenon of corrosion in the oral cavity is described as a complex electrolytic occurrence of total or partial degradation of an alloy, leading to the release of ions [7]. Corrosive dissolution can be caused by numerous factors, e.g., surface finish [8], internal stresses [9], pH [10], temperature [10][11] and composition of the immersion solution, soldering and thermal treatment [7]. Moreover, in the literature there is a lack of data on the actual performance of silver-soldered stainless steel joints in orthodontic applications, in terms of either oral health or mechanical strength [7].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Corrosion Damage Investigation of Silver-Soldered Stainless Steel Orthodontic Appliances Used in Vivo / Ocena Zniszczeń Korozyjnych Używanych In Vivo Stałych Aparatów Ortodontycznych O Połączeniach Lutowanych Na Bazie Srebra

Łępicka¹,

Grądzka-Dahlke²,

Szarmach³

2015

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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Processes of destruction of products used in orthodontic treatment, e.g. fixed orthodontic appliances, microimplants or dental prostheses considerably limit its operational lifetime and comfort and safety of patients. The objective of the research was to evaluate and assess corrosion damage to silver-soldered stainless steel rapid palatal expansion Hyrax devices. Used in vivo for 2 or 6 months, respectively, RPE (rapid palatal expansion) devices were analyzed macroscopically and in a scanning electron microscope with an energy X-ray analyzer for signs of corrosion. The evaluated appliances showed discernible differences between the overall condition of the noble solders and the stainless steel elements. The Ag-rich solders were chiefly covered in corrosion pits, whereas stainless steel wires, molar bands and Hyrax screws presented corrosion-free surfaces. What is more, the EDS analysis showed differential element composition of the solders. According to the results, noble materials, such as Ag-rich solders, can corrode in a salivary environment when coupled with stainless steel. The selective leaching processes are observed.

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Release of toxic ions from silver solder used in orthodontics: An in-situ evaluation

Cited by 48 publications

References 29 publications

Metal ion release from silver soldering and laser welding caused by different types of mouthwash

Metal ion release from silver soldering and laser welding caused by different types of mouthwash

Urinary Nickel Ion Evaluation of Adolescents during the Initial Period of Orthodontic Fixed Treatment

Corrosion Damage Investigation of Silver-Soldered Stainless Steel Orthodontic Appliances Used in Vivo / Ocena Zniszczeń Korozyjnych Używanych In Vivo Stałych Aparatów Ortodontycznych O Połączeniach Lutowanych Na Bazie Srebra

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