Release, Recycle, Rebuild: Cell-Wall Remodeling, Autodegradation, and Sugar Salvage for New Wall Biosynthesis during Plant Development

Abstract

Plant cell walls contain elaborate polysaccharide networks and regulate plant growth, development, mechanics, cell-cell communication and adhesion, and defense. Despite conferring rigidity to support plant structures, the cell wall is a dynamic extracellular matrix that is modified, reorganized, and degraded to tightly control its properties during growth and development. Far from being a terminal carbon sink, many wall polymers can be degraded and recycled by plant cells, either via direct re-incorporation by transglycosylation or via internalization and metabolic salvage of wall-derived sugars to produce new precursors for wall synthesis. However, the physiological and metabolic contributions of wall recycling to plant growth and development are largely undefined. In this review, we discuss long-standing and recent evidence supporting the occurrence of cell-wall recycling in plants, make predictions regarding the developmental processes to which wall recycling might contribute, and identify outstanding questions and emerging experimental tools that might be used to address these questions and enhance our understanding of this poorly characterized aspect of wall dynamics and metabolism.

Microspore embryogenesis: targeting the determinant factors of stress-induced cell reprogramming for crop improvement

“…Plant growth and differentiation requires controlled remodelling of cell wall polymer networks, producing changes in their mechanical properties to permit cell division and expansion (Baluska et al, 2002;Baluska et al, 2005;Geshi et al, 2013;Samaj et al, 2005;Seifert and Roberts, 2007;Smertenko and Bozhkov, 2014;van Hengel et al, 2001;Van Hengel et al, 2002). Cell differentiation requires remodelling of wall polysaccharide networks during development and in response to external signals (Barnes and Anderson, 2018). Among cell wall polymers, pectins are major components of the primary wall and represent one of the most complex families of polysaccharides.…”

Hemicelluloses and associated compounds determine gall functional traits

“…Cellular fluids are extracorporeally digested and then sucked by the larvae (Rohfritsch 1992; Harris 1994; Ferreira et al 2019). Xyloglucans can be made available during the degradation of cell walls, intense oxidative stress and the action of enzymes that can cleave xyloglucans and release their constituent sugars (Barnes & Anderson 2018). These sugars can be internalized and made available for the feeding of the galling insect.…”

“…We hypothesize that in sites where ROS, IAA and phenolics accumulate, the dynamics of cell wall components will be altered. Due to the highest rates of cell expansion in the young stage, the hemicelluloses may be reallocated to the cytoplasm (Barnes & Anderson 2018), and as they will become decoupled from cellulose fibrils, they may be difficult to detect or be undetectable. In the maturation stage, the final shape of the gall is established, the reorientation of the cell expansion axes stops, and the cellulose–hemicelluloses relink.…”

Omics of the early molecular dialogue between Frankia alni and Alnus glutinosa and the cellulase synton

“…This pattern could be interpreted as the result of cell‐wall remodelling and erosion, similar to the root‐hair infection patterns described ultrastructurally for clover (Callaham and Torrey, ) and soybean (Turgeon and Bauer, ). Plant cellulases (Β‐1,4‐endoglucanase) are implicated in cell wall remodelling during primary cell wall formation (Barnes and Anderson, ). A Frankia cellulase, at the interface with the primary cell wall in the growth zone, could play a similar role.…”