Relevance of CD49d protein expression as overall survival and progressive disease prognosticator in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Abstract

CD49d/␣4-integrin is variably expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL

CD69 is independently prognostic in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a comprehensive clinical and biological profiling study

“…The optimal cut off for CD69 expression yielding the best separation of CLL patients into 2 subsets with significantly different prognosis was fixed at 30% of positive cells by applying the most commonly used methods. 9,13,32,34 Since our proposal is to use CD69 for prognostic purposes, we confirmed its inter-laboratory reproducibility and the stability over time of its expression. 21,35 We demonstrated that CD69 expression was significantly correlated with CD38, CD49d and ZAP-70 and IGHV mutational status.…”

“…[8][9][10][11][12] Expression of CD69 was performed by a direct 3-color immunofluorescence and this combination provided a simple flow cytometric method that could be introduced into a routine immunophenotyping panel in a clinical diagnostic laboratory. However, a standardized procedure which avoids some of the difficulties encountered with ZAP-70, and to a lesser extent with CD38, has still not been established.…”

“…The beads are used to adjust instrument settings, set fluorescence compensation and check instrument sensitivity in order to monitor instrument performance over time. Expression of CD69, CD38 and CD49d was analyzed by 3-color immunofluorescence, 8,9 by combining phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated anti-CD38 or antiCD49d or anti-CD69 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) with peridinin-chlorophyll-protein-cyanine-5.5 (PerCP-Cy5.5) or allophyco-cianine (APC) anti-CD19 MoAbs and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-CD5 MoAb. Expression data were reported as percentage of CD5 + CD19…”

“…2,3 For this reason, several biological parameters [4][5][6][7][8][9] have been added to the staging systems to differentiate prognostic subsets. Recently, several publications reported the prognostic significance of specific immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (IGHV) gene features in CLL.…”

Telomere length is an independent predictor of survival, treatment requirement and Richter's syndrome transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

“…Currently, the most widely used biomarkers are cytogenetics, immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene mutation status (IGHV-MS) and expression of ZAP70 and CD38. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Despite the established prognostic value of these biomarkers, a stratification according to these parameters does not fully explain the heterogeneity of CLL. In addition, scant information is available on independent predictors of some critical events in CLL, such as clinicopathological transformation to aggressive lymphoma, also known as Richter's syndrome (RS).…”