Relevance of magnetic properties of soil in the magnetic observatories to geomagnetic observation

Abstract

Annual geomagnetic variations with a maximum amplitude of 5 nT, and in phase with ground temperature variations at a depth of 1-2 m, were observed in the baseline values of fluxgate magnetometers installed at three JMA magnetic observatories. A possible origin of the annual variations is a change in magnetization of the soil due to changes in ground temperature. In order to examine the effect of temperature changes on soil magnetization, we measured the magnetic properties of soil samples collected at the JMA observatories. Magnetization of soil samples in a magnetic field of 0.05 mT ranged within 0.05 × 10 −3 -1.6 × 10 −3 A m 2 /kg and the temperature dependence of magnetization ranged within 0.3 × 10 −6 -14 × 10 −6 A m 2 /kg • C, except for a sample having an extraordinarily strong magnetization. Based on the measured magnetization, and their temperature dependence, of samples from Memambetsu, which shows the largest values among the samples from the three observatories, we determined the distribution of the geomagnetic field and its annual variation produced by soil magnetization. The maximum amplitude of annual variation in the geomagnetic field is 7 nT, which is consistent with the observed annual variation of the baseline value of the magnetometers.

Estimating external magnetic field differences at high geomagnetic latitudes from a single station

“…Other possible reasons for local variation have been attributed to the induction effects of soils or long-term dissipation of magnetization from lightning strikes (e.g. Shimizu et al 2007;Mishima et al 2013).…”

Geomagnetic observatory monthly series, 1930 to 2010: empirical analysis and unmodeled signal estimation

“…These variations vary depending on the location, the phase showing, for instance, shifts as large as a couple of months. Several origins have been proposed for annual changes, including local effects of induction in the ocean, temperature dependency of the soil magnetization around sensors (Mishima et al 2013), or spurious temperature effects in the Z component before the introduction of fluxgate sensors (Le Mouël et al 2004b). Some effects related to measurement issues cannot be discarded from early epochs.…”