Relevant Anatomy, Morphology, and Implantation Techniques of the Dorsal Root Ganglia at the Lumbar Levels

Single S1 Dorsal Root Ganglia Stimulation for Intractable Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Foot Pain After Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Case Series

“…During sacral DRG stimulation both IF and EF contacts have been utilized as cathodes while testing to find the optimal therapeutic response or when applying the DRG neurostimulation therapy. While the DRG location along lumbar nerve roots has been well studied, and is consistently targeted by placement of DRG stimulator leads , there are some interesting anatomical findings as to the neural structures being stimulated with sacral DRG lead placement. Although we postulate sacral DRG stimulation when utilizing either one of the four DRG electrode contacts, the available literature demonstrates significant variability of the anatomical location of the DRG in the sacral neuroforamina and canal, without any evidence of EF DRG location.…”

Retrospective Case Series on the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy With Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation

“…Neither of the reported adverse events were unanticipated due to the known risks of implantation surgery . The approach to L5/S1 interspace dictates an angle of entry that may make dural puncture more possible; care should therefore be taken when preforming the dural puncture at this level .…”

The Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee on Best Practices for Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation

“…After access into the intralaminar opening with the delivery needle, placement of the lead on the target DRG is accomplished via the delivery sheath (Fig. ) . The delivery sheath is placed through the epidural needle to facilitate delivery of the lead to the inferior portion of the target DRG.…”

“…Also, the lateral recess and foramen should be sufficiently capacious to allow for introducer and lead access. Severe lateral recess and/or foraminal stenosis are relative contraindications to percutaneous placement .…”